The Outsiders By SE Hinton Essays - Films, The Outsiders, Greaser

The Outsiders by SE Hinton In this book analysis, about the book ?The Outsiders? by S. E. Hinton I will discuss character and plot development, as well as the setting, the author's style and my opinions about the book. In this part of the analysis I will give some information about the subjects of the book, and about the author. The author wrote the story when she was just 16 years old, in the 1950s. The book was successful, and it was sold, and still being sold, in many copies as a young adults novel. There was a movie made about it, and today there are still many schools that use this book in junior high and high schools for English classes. There were plays made about the book too. The Outsiders is about a gang. They live in a city in Oklahoma. Ponyboy Curtis, a 14 year old greaser, tells the story. Other characters include Sodapop and Darry, Ponyboy's brothers, Johnny, Dallas, and Two- Bit, that were also gang members and Ponyboy's friends. This story deals with two forms of social classes: the socs, the r ich kids, and the greasers, the poor kids. The socs go around looking for trouble and greasers to beat up, and then the greasers are blamed for it, because they are poor and cannot affect the authorities. I hope you would enjoy and learn something about the book from reading this analysis. Plot Development The plot development in the book, ?The Outsiders? by S.E. Hinton, was easy to follow. In this part of the book analysis I will give some more details about the plot development. There were no hooks or hurdles in the beginning of the book, the first sentence starts right away with the plot?without any forewords. This is the beginning of the first sentence: ?When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house...? (page 9). As you can see, it goes straight to the point without any prologues or any kind of introduction. The plot development in the middle of the story was sensible and easy to understand. It was clear and simple, and the events have occurred in a reasonable order. The ending of the story was a bit expected. I anticipated the death of Johnny because a broken neck usually means death. The death of Dally was not as predictable as Johnny's death because it was said that: ?He was tougher than the rest of us?tougher, colder, meaner.? (page 19). I did not think that such a tough person would get himself killed because of a death of a friend, although it was said a short time before the death of Dally that: ?Johnny was the only thing Dally loved.? (page 160). The climaxes at the end of the story were the deaths of Johnny and Dally. Here are quotations about the deaths: Johnny's death: ?The pillow seemed to sink a little, and Johnny died.? (page 157). Dally's death: ?He was jerked half around by the impact of the bullets, then slowly crumpled with a look of grim triumph on his face. He was dead before he hit the ground.? (page 162). To conclude I can say that the plot development was simple and easy to understand and to follow. The author organized it in a way that fits the actual content of the plot. Character Development The characters in the book, ?The Outsiders? by S.E. Hinton, were not very heroic?they were just humans?it was easy to believe that this is the way they should be. The characters in the plot give the reader a feeling this can be a true story. The author has created the personality of the characters through the descriptions of Ponyboy?the narrator?and through their actions. Following are some examples of these methods of getting familiar with a character. Here is an example for a description of Ponyboy: ?Steve Randle was seventeen, tall and lean, with thick greasy hair he kept combed in complicated swirls. He was cocky, smart, and Soda's best buddy since grade school. Steve's specialty was cars...? (page 17). The reader can find this kind of descriptions almost everywhere in the story, but especially in the beginning. I

The Detrimental Character Iago in essays

The Detrimental Character Iago in essays In the drama Othello, there is no character in all of Shakespeare's plays so full of deceitful power and poison as Iago. He is envious of Michael Cassio and suspects that Othello has wronged his honor; but his malignancy is all out of proportion even to his alleged motives, through which he shows his ambivalence of nature. Allowing this green-eyed monster, envy, and jealousy, to get the best of him, will ultimately lead to his downfall. During most of the Play, the audience finds itself constantly trying to find a motive for Iagos actions but finds none that can justify him deceiving Othello. Despite Iagos recognizing that, indeed, the Moor is of a free and open nature (1.3.381), he still does despise him. Iago has to be examined closer to discover his motives: of course, he is jealous of Cassios appointment as Othellos lieutenant, and this jealousy is an ultimate irony in itself as he later mocks Othello for his own jealousy, having given in to the green-eyed monster. There are a lso Iagos blatant racial slurs and his obvious hatred towards Othello, as well as his paranoia regarding the supposed infidelity of his wife, And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets hes [Othellos] done my office (1.3.369). However, the latter excuse may seem less reasonable, considering that Iago also utters later that he believes that Cassio has also slept with his wife. "O, Beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster (3.3.195-96)..."If a monster with green eyes were coming at an individual, what would one do? The answer of course, depends on the circumstances of that particular person. Would one permit the green-eyed monster to conquer his or her own mind, and control his or her every move? In this case the green-eyed monster would indeed be jealousy. Iago, for example, was prejudice towards the African American, Ot...

Do memeories hinder or help people in their efforts to learn from the Essay

Do memeories hinder or help people in their efforts to learn from the past and succeedin the present - Essay Example The real power of memories and experiences is they can be used to help us succeed today. A favorite work of literature I often return to is the Outsiders by S.E. Hinton. The entire structure of the book is one long memory of the protagonist, Pony Boy. The tragedies, triumphs and tensions described in the telling of the story all lead to one important point in time. It is the moment that Pony Boy sits down to write the story of his young life. Without these experiences would Pony Boy have been the same person he was when he sat down to tell his tale? If he had not experienced the class conflict, the loss of a friend and the witnessed wasting of life, would he have been as powerful a narrator? Perhaps the real question is would he have had story to tell? Though Pony Boy is a character of fiction, he is real in the sense that all of us need to use our past experiences and memories to help us succeed today. Success for Pony Boy was the writing of his life story in a touching, dramatic wa y. We all have a past that we must use to reach our potential. Every human being has aspirations and dreams. I believe that we experience certain things in our lives that can be stumbling blocks or springboards for accomplishing our dreams. Pony Boy Curtis used tragedy to tell the story of his life. We all have a different story, but a story we all do have. In my life, I can already see that some experiences and failures I have experienced have provided opportunities for me to learn or for me to regress in my learning. When I was a boy, I had a fever that caused swelling in my hands and feet. I was very sick. The doctors warned that if the condition was not brought under control, I would continue to swell-up like a balloon. Although this sounds funny now, at the time it was in-fact a life threatening condition. Up until this time, I was a kid that only ever wanted to watch TV and play video games. My parents would constantly push me out of the house to go play, but I hated it. I was much more interested in movies. Once I got sick, I had to lie in bed for two weeks without moving. My feet did not touch the floor from my bed for this whole period of time. I remember lying there in bed just wishing that I could somehow get up and go run around outside. I was so tired of watching TV after the first week that I didn’t even turn it on after the first seven days. After I regained the use of my feet and hands, I remember spending almost all of my time outside. I remember how good it felt just to have the breeze on my face and the sun shining on my skin. To this day, I am still the sort of person that appreciated the outdoors. This experience taught me that being inside and craving electronic entertainment is not a happy way to live life. I would be a much different person if I had never gotten sick all of those years ago. Our experiences in the past shape who we are today. A final reason I feel the past is important is because a firm understanding and memory of the past is important for keeping us firmly rooted in the present. Another book that I enjoy is George Orwell’s 1984. This book describes a dystopian society that is controlled by conflict, despair and the ever-present Big Brother. The main character, Winston Smith, actually works for the government in 1984. His job is to destroy the evidence of past events that contradict the official party line as told by the government. By controlling the past and the reported happenings of history, the government is

Mexican-American War (i would prefer either domestic or personal level Essay

Mexican-American War (i would prefer either domestic or personal level of analysis ) - Essay Example As such, the move undermined the Mexican population. The master plan focused on the region occupied by the freehold and yeoman farmers. The eventual impact ignited a political hiccup associated to slavery and inhuman practices. Although other levels of analysis can be applied, I believe that the Mexican American war is best explained through a domestic level of analysis. In the year 1898, a conflict between Spain and the United States of America ignited an armed battle between the two countries. Americans managed to gain access into the Latin America, as well as the Western Pacific, by the end of the war. The events resulted in a great territorial expansion from the American authority. The military involvement in the war signified a historical event. As such, America’s image portrayed a self-centered institution operating on self-interest. Additionally, the events attracted the world’s attention as the media documented the details of the entire war. America advanced about 525,000 square miles into the Mexican territory. The incident led to the signing of a treaty agreement that marked the end of the war. The treaty signing redefined American from a national state to a transcontinental state. As such, both parties engaged in diplomatic settlement scheme to end the war. Other documentation of the treaty revealed the onset of colonialism. The colonialism feature paved way for a commercial assumption and resource expropriation (Lynn, 2013). The impact of colonialism in Mexico resulted in obdurate legal disputes over the vast land. These occasions prompted the advent of different theories to explain the superiority of the involved states. Significant changes defined other perceptions of the colonialism. The onset of communication advancement, development of the transport industry resulted in national pride. The Mexicans believed that the American move served a divine ordination in the vast Mexico territory. The Mexican-American war served as an indicator

Estonia Gender Problems Essay Example for Free

Estonia Gender Problems Essay Throughout history, women have constantly struggled for equal rights. However, even after women have gained increased equality in many countries, gender inequality still exists on an international scale. The European country Estonia, in particular, faces a noticeably greater gap between men’s and women’s rights in comparison with its European neighbors. Despite the Estonian Gender Equality Law passed in 2004, sexism and gender stereotypes are still largely prevalent in Estonia’s government and society. The problem of gender inequality has negatively impacted Estonian women in economic, social, and political aspects of life in Estonia. One major result of gender inequality is the limiting of economic opportunities for women. Because of traditional gender stereotypes, Estonian women are believed to be less valuable in the workplace than men. This form of sexism has heavily impacted the ability of women to obtain and maintain employment and salary: â€Å"in the 1990s women’s unemployment exceeded that of men (38.3% of women and 24.7% of men)† (Erickson 278). In addition to the high unemployment rate for women, Estonia’s pay gap (the difference between men and women’s wages for the same job) is currently the highest in Europe: â€Å"women are paid over 30% less than men for the same profession† (Domsch 73). Since Estonian women are economically disadvantaged by unfair employment and salary, many women are forced to become economically dependent on their husbands or fathers. Overall, Estonia’s large pay gap reflects its economic sexism and the detrimental effects of gender ineq uality on women. Gender inequality in Estonia has also led to social prejudice against women. Since Estonia’s incorporation into the Soviet Union, gender roles have been deeply established into Estonian society. These gender roles dictate what women are allowed to do and what small spheres of influence they have on economics, government, and politics. Gender roles have also inevitably led to sexism: â€Å"The relationship between men and women on a societal level represents relationship with unequal power distribution, where men dominate and women are subordinated or under-represented in most spheres of life.† (Morten para. 6). The social dominance of men stems from Estonia’s incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1940. During this period, Estonia’s once Western attitudes and views on gender equality shifted to Soviet-centered beliefs, which emphasized the importance of submissive women who served men. Although the Soviet Union often used feminist propaganda to encourage women to work, women were frequently treated unfairly at home and in society. The gender roles established during the Soviet Union era continue to play a major role in Estonia’s society today. Gender inequality is prevalent in both the household, where men are expected to exert dominance over their wives, and in social gatherings, where women’s opinions are held in lower esteem (Domsch 148). In summary, gender inequality in Estonia has led to social discrimination against women. Another major result of gender inequality is the political prejudice that Estonian women face. After World War II, a period in which Estonia was politically and economically run by women due to a lack of men, the Communist Party reestablished men in the ruling bodies of Estonia. During this period, Estonian women were removed from politics and their political power was undermined. Very recently, some attempts have been made to solve the political gender inequality problem. In 2004, the government passed the Gender Equality Act to ensure that women had equal political power and economic stability (Domsch 127). However, many of the rights guaranteed in the Gender Equality Act were pre-existent in the Constitution of Estonia. In practice, women have yet to see true equality in political or economic aspects. For example, a recent study showed that â€Å"roughly 8% of Estonian government positions are held by women, while only 20% of parliament members are women† (Morten para. 4). The small percentage of women in Estonia’s government directly reflects on the sexism in Estonian politics. Estonia’s male and female populations, though equal in size, are not equally politically represented, as shown by the clearly imbalanced gender ratio in their government. Overall, although small steps have been made toward gender equity, sexism and gender inequality are still widely extant, and have led to comparatively less political empowerment for Estonian women. Although women’s rights have been improved internationally, many countries still face challenges in establishing true gender equality. Estonia currently faces significant problems for women in many major aspects of society. Originating from Estonia’s incorporation into the Soviet Union after World War II, gender stereotypes have negatively affected Estonian women to this day. With one of the largest pay gaps between men and women in Europe, Estonia has a significantly imbalanced gender ratio for employment. Furthermore, sexism has also led to the diminished social and political power of women in Estonian society. Despite the recent improvements that have been made by the Estonian government in the past decade, the economic, social, and political opportunities of Estonian women are still severely limited by gender inequality.

Reflection on Engineering Work

Reflection on Engineering Work PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Summary Statement These are the competency Units and Elements. These elements must be addressed in the Summary Statement (see Section C). If you are applying for assessment as a Professional Engineer, you will need to download this page, complete it and lodge it with your application. Competency Element A brief summary of how you have applied the element Paragraph number in the career episode(s) where the element is addressed PE1 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE PE1.1 Comprehensive, theory-based understanding of the underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the engineering discipline Theoretical knowledge gained from studying Renewable Energy Resources , Mechanics of Materials and Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning was used in the projects. CE 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 PE1.2 Conceptual understanding of the mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and computer and information sciences which underpin the engineering discipline I used different mathematical equations for the designing of Parabolic Trough. Heating and Cooling load for the Air Conditioning were calculated using load calculation equations. CAMEL software was used to optimize the load and analyze and compare it with manual calculations. CE 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 3.8, 3.11, 3.12, 3.21 PE1.3 In-depth understanding of specialist bodies of knowledge within the engineering discipline Knowledge gained in Finite Element Methods and analysis software ANSYS helped to analyze the drop table. CE 2.1, 2.2, 2.10 PE1.4 Discernment of knowledge development and research directions within the engineering discipline Sequential switching of energy resources from traditional fossil fuels to renewable energy resources is seeming eminent. Parabolic Trough is the future of energy sector in energy deficient countries, like Pakistan. CE 1.1, 1.2,1.21 PE1.5 Knowledge of contextual factors impacting the engineering discipline Being aware of the side effects some of fossil fuels have on the environment, helped us to use the environmental friendly Solar power to generate electricity. It reduces the carbon foot print and hence, guarantees a greener and healthier future. CE 1.2, 1.21 PE1.6 Understanding of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities and bounds of contemporary engineering practice in the specific discipline Being project leader the responsibility laid on my shoulders to ensure successful timely completion of the project. For this I employed Primavera and Microsoft Project software to finish the project within given timeline. CE 1.8, 2.7, 3.5, 3.7 PE2 ENGINEERING APPLICATION ABILITY PE2.1 Application of established engineering methods to complex engineering problem solving Working on renewable energy project incited students and industrialists to use this energy source to power their needs. And I visited them to help them design the projects. CE 1.21 PE2.2 Fluent application of engineering techniques, tools and resources I used the VRV system instead of the Central Air Conditioning as it is more energy efficient and gives more control. I used CAMEL to analyze the manual load calculations and suggest changings in the structure of building. ANSYS was used to analyze the drop table for the drop test. CE 2.2, 2.10, 3.4, 3.21, 3.22 PE2.3 Application of systematic engineering synthesis and design processes In each project I followed the engineering design process i.e. Defined the problem, searched for solution and picked a solution and developed it (Solar Power Plant). At the end, I prepared the report for each project including all experiments in systematic order. CE 1.21 PE2.4 Application of systematic approaches to the conduct and management of engineering projects I used my management skills and software i.e. Primavera and Microsoft Project to keep track of the progress and finish it within given time. CE 1.7, 1.8, 2.7, 3.5, 3.7 PE3 PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES PE3.1 Ethical conduct and professional accountability Before the start of each project I made sure that my team follows the predefined guide lines to ensure professional and ethical conduct. Safety talks before every critical activity helped to achieve this goal. CE 1.8, 1.9, 1.20, 2.14 PE3.2 Effective oral and written communication in professional and lay domains I presented my Final Year Project (Solar Trough) in front of project supervisor, Chairman of Mechanical Engineering department and an external examiner. CE 1.21 PE3.3 Creative innovative and proactive demeanour Used economical techniques to select the Concentrated Solar Power technology, which need small absorbing surfaces and large reflective surfaces. Absorbing materials are more expensive than the reflective surfaces. CE 1.10 PE3.4 Professional use and management of information I kept record of all the meetings by writing minutes of meetings at the end of each meeting. Prepared the project reports using all the experimental and theoretical knowledge. CE 1.5,1.8,1.9,2.7,3.5,3.7 PE3.5 Orderly management of self, and professional conduct My leadership skills and professional attitude during my final year project helped me to be leader in next two projects as well. Leading project teams more than once groomed my leadership skills and helped to enhance my professional conduct. CE 1.7, 2.1, 3.5 PE3.6 Effective team membership and team leadership My leadership in the projects was effective enough to finish the projects well in time and in good team spirit. I inspired my team members to work through difficult situations and solve issues without being stressed out. CE 3.5, 2.11,

Analysis Network

CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING 1) INTRODUCTION Telecommunication networks carry information signals among entities, which are geographically for apart. The communication switching system enables universal connectivity. Switches can be valuable asset to networking[1]. Overall, they can increase the capacity and speed of our network. Every time in computer network we access the internet or another   computer network outside our immediate location, our messages are sent through a maze of transmission media and connection devices.The mechanism for moving information between different computer network and network segment is called switching in computer network[2]. Figure 1: Switched network Long distance transmission is typically done over a network of switched nodes. Nodes not concerned with content of data. A collection of nodes and connections is a communications network. Data routed by being switched from node to node. Nodes may connect to other nodes only, or to stations an d other nodes. Node to node links usually multiplexed. However, switching should not be seen as a cure-all for network issues.There are two different switching technologies which are: 1) Circuit switching and 2) Packet switching. 1. Circuit Switching Circuit switching was the first switching technique have been used in communication network. This is due to easy to carry analog signals. Circuit switching  network establishes a fixed bandwidth channel between nodes before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an electrical circuit. The bit delay is constant during the connection, as opposed to packet switching, where packet queues may cause varying delay.In circuit switching, the transmission medium is typically divided into channels using Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), or Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). A circuit is a string of concatenated channels from the source to the destination that carries an inf ormation flow. To establish the circuits, a signaling mechanism is used. This signaling only carriers control information, and it is considered an overhead. Since all decisions are taken by the signaling process, the signaling mechanism is the most complex part in circuit switching.Each circuit cannot be used by other callers until the circuit is released and a new connection is set up. Even if no communication is taking place in a dedicated circuit then, that channel still remains unavailable to other users. Channels that are available for new calls to be set up are said to be idle. Telephone network is example of circuit switching system. Virtual circuit switching is a packet switching technology that may emulate circuit switching, in the sense that the connection is established before any packets are transferred, and that packets are delivered in order.Unlike with packet switched networks, we cannot just send a ‘packet’ to the destination. We need to establish and la ter terminate the connection. We need to have some way of transmitting control information, we can either do this in band that the same channel we use for data or out of band which is on a seperate dedicated channel. Phone networks used in band signaling a while ago we could control switching and other functionality by playing tones into the telephone. Today in band signaling is considered unsecure and is not used except for compability with old systems[3]. 2. Packet SwitchingPacket switching  is a communications paradigm in which packets are routed between nodes over data links shared with other traffic. In packet-based networks, the message gets broken into small data packets. These packets are sent out from the computer and they travel around the network seeking out the most efficient route to travel as circuit become available. This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the shortest route. Each packet may go different route from the others. Each packet contains a  "header† with information necessary for routing the packet from source to destination.The header address also describes the sequences for reassembly at the destination computer so that the packets are put back into the correct order. Each packet in a data stream is independent. To be able to understand packet-switching, we need to know what a  packet  is. The  Internet Protocol (IP), just like many other  protocols, breaks data into chunks and wraps the chunks into structures called packets. Each packet contains, along with the data load, information about the IP address of the source and the destination nodes, sequence numbers and some other control information.A packet can also be called a segment or datagram. Once they reach their destination, the packets are reassembled to make up the original data again. It is therefore obvious that, to transmit data in packets, it has to be digital data. The packet switching can broadly be divided into two main categories, first is the virtual circuit approach and other is the datagram approach. In the virtual circuit approach to packet switching, the relationship between all packets belonging to the message or a session is preserved. A single route is chosen between the sender and the receiver at beginning of the session.When the data are sent, all packets of transmission travel one after another along that route. The wide area networks use the virtual circuit approach to the packet switching. The virtual circuit approach needs a call setup for establishing a virtual circuit between the source and destination. A call teardown deletes virtual circuit. After the setup, routing takes place based on the identifier known as the virtual circuit identifier. This approach can be used in the WANs, frame relay and an ATM. In the other approach of packet switching that is the datagram approach, each packet is treated independently of all others.Even if one packet is just a piece of a multi-packet transmission, the ne twork treats it as though it is existed alone. Packets in this approach are known as the datagram. The internet has chosen datagram approach to switching in the network layer. It uses the universal addresses defined in network layer to route packets from the source to destination. In  packet-switching, the packets are sent towards the destination irrespective of each other. Each packet has to find its own route to the destination. There is no predetermined path; the decision as to which node to hop to in the next step is taken only when a node is reached.Each packet finds its way using the information it carries, such as the source and destination IP addresses[4]. 2) HISTORY OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING * Evolution of Circuit Switching Switches are used to build transmission path between telephone set on a flexible basis. Without switches, each telephone set would require a direct, dedicated circuit to every other telephone set in order to be able to communicate. This is a full-mesh physical topology network. Such a full mesh network clearly is resource-intensive, impractical and even impossible, as early experience proved.Circuit Switching were developed for voice communications. Contemporary circuit switches provide continuous access to logical channels over high-capacity physical circuits for the duration of the conversation. In January 1878, the first telephone switch went into operation in New Haven Connecticut. Switching technology had advanced drastically over the intervening decades, yet the basic function had remained the same: interconnect users of telephones by creating circuits between them. Every telephone has a line, or circuit, that connects physically to a telephone switch.In the simple case of both the person making the call and the person being called are connected to the same switch, the caller dials the number of the desired person, the switch checks to see if the line is available, and if it is, the two lines are interconnec ted by the switch. The connection is maintained until one person hangs up his or her telephone, at which time the switch terminates the connection, freeing both lines for other calls. Three characteristics of this type of switching, called â€Å"circuit switching,† are important.First, before the two parties can talk the circuit between them has to be created, and it takes time for a switch to check if a connection can be made and then to make the connection. Second, when a connection has been made, it creates a dedicated connection. No other party can reach either party of a dedicated connection until that connection has ended. Three, since switches are very expensive one accounting policy telephone companies implemented to recover their investment was to institute a minimum charge for every telephone call, generally three minutes.For voice calls that lasted many minutes, a minimum charge did not represent a problem. But communications between computers often last less than seconds, much less minutes. It was difficult to image how circuit switching could work efficiently for computer communications when such a system took minutes to make a connection, created dedicated connections so only one person, or party, could be in connection with another party, and had a prohibitive cost structure. Although these issues were generally understood before the experiments of Roberts and Marill in 1965, they were once again strongly confirmed.The experiments also made it abundantly clear that the problems confronting computer communications were not only with the circuit-switching architecture of the telephone system. Host operating system software of the day assumed there was only one Host and all connecting devices were as if â€Å"slaves. † Hosts were not designed to recognize or interact with peer-level computers; the concept of peer-level computing did not yet exist. Thus, in interconnecting two computers, one had to be master and one slave. The problem only became worse if more than two computers wanted to interconnect and communicate.Nevertheless, the problem of Host software was considered to be solvable if a suitable communication system could be designed and made to work. Fortunately, an inquisitive innovative scientist, Paul Baran, had already explored the problems of circuit switching beginning in 1959. By 1962, he had made his concept of a message-based communication system publicly known. Independently, in 1965, an English scientist, Donald Davies reached the same conclusions as had Baran and would coin its name: packet switching. * Evolution of Packet Switching The concept of packet switching had two independent beginnings, with Paul Baran and Donald Davies.Leonard Kleinrock conducted early research and authored a book in 1961 in the related field of digital message switching without explicitly using the concept of packets and also later played a leading role in building and management of the world’s first packet s witched network, namely the ARPANET. Baran developed the concept of packet switching during his research for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first published in 1962, and then including and expanding somewhat within a series of eleven papers titled â€Å"On distributed communications† in 1964.Baran’s earlier paper described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed survivable communication network. His paper focused on three key ideas: 1) the use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, 2) dividing complete user messages into what he called message blocks (packets), and 3) delivery of this message by store and forward switching. Baran’s study paved the way for Robert Taylor and J. C. R.Licklider, both wide-area network evangelists working at the Information Processing Technology Office, and it also helped influence Lawrence Roberts to adopt the technology when Taylor put him in charge of developm ent of the ARPANET. Baran’s packet switching work similar to the research performed independently by Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. In 1965, Davies developed the concept of packet switched networks and proposed development of a U. K. wide network. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from Ministry of Defense told him about Baran’s work.At the 1967 ACM Symposium on operating system principles, Davies and Robert bringing the two groups together. Interestingly, Davies had be chosen some of the same parameters for his original network design as Baran, such as a packet size of 1024 bits. Roberts and the ARPANET team took the name â€Å"packet switching† itself from Davies work. In 1970, Davies helped build a packet switched network called Mark I to serve the NPL in the UK. It was replaced with the Mark II in 1973, and remained in operation until 1986, influencing other packet communications research in UK and Europe[5]. 3) COMPARISON BETWEEN CIRCUIT AND PACKET SWITCHINGCircuit Switching: In circuit switching a message path or data communication path or channel or circuit is dedicated to an entire message block during the process of message transmission. The entire bandwidth is dedicated to the said message as it were, and before any data transmission can take place circuit initialisation and setup has to be done to enable or determine the avalaibility of the link as in trying to make a call using the telephon line for voice messaging or even dial-up procedure where you need to establsih that the line is free for use in the first place; and then have the line engaged all through your time of use.All the message travel through the same path and keep the link engaged all the while when the block of message is been relayed or transmitted. In circuit switching, whole of the data travels along a single dedicated path between the two terminals whereas in datagram switching data is divided into packets an d each of these packets are treated indepently and travel along different paths, source and destination being the same. Circuit switching concept is used in Telephony networks where a dedicated line is assigned to particular connection, the connection in this case is permanent during the connection.Considerable amount of bandwidth is wasted in this process and at a time only one way communication is possible. Circuit switching is done at physical layer whereas datagram switching is generally done at network layer. Circuit switching requires the resources to be reserved before the transmission of data but datagram switching doesn’t require such reservation of resources. Advantages: 1. Fixed delays, because of the dedicated circuit – no interference and no sharing. 2. Guaranteed continous service, also because of the dedicated circuit. . Guaranted the full bandwidth for the duration of the call. Disadvantages: 1. Takes a relatively long time to set up the circuit. 2. Dif ficult to support variable data rates and is not efficient for burst traffic. The equipment may be unused for a lot of call, if no data is being sent the dedicated line still remains open. 3. During crisis or disaster, the network may become unstable or unavailable. 4. It was primarily developed for voice traffic rather than data traffic. Packet Switching:In packet switching the block of data is split into small units with each unit having a sequence number attached to it for orderly identification within a given message block and these different units are usaully sent across the available diffrent links or channels of data transmission from one end to the other end point where they arrvive at different times but have to be assembled together in the correct order at this location via the sequence numbers to get out the original message back without any data degredation occuring as a result of the different paths of transmissions from source to destination.Also no single data channel is dedicated to any given message block in the course of transmission as many units of different messages can be multiplexed and then get demultiplexed at their deffferent destinations correctly since there are codes to differentiate each unit of message, resulting to no conflict at all. Packet switching splits messages into small units and transmitting them to destination using different paths while at the same time keeping tracks or maintaining an orderliness of the units for proper and correct reassembling of the units to get the original message back.Packet switching is generally used in Internet data transmmission where we send data without minding if the link is free or not as far as we are connected and the pieces of information that we sent are then split into smaller units and then sent in packets, with each packets switched through different data channel most times and with no loss at the end. The main advantage of packet-switching is that it permits â€Å"statistical mu ltiplexing† on the communications lines. The packets from many different sources can share a line, allowing for very efficient use of the fixed capacity.With current technology, packets are generally accepted onto the network on a first-come, first-served basis. If the network becomes overloaded, packets are delayed or discarded (â€Å"dropped†)[6]. Advantages: 1. Since packet are typically short, the communication links between the nodes are only allocated to transferring a single message for a short period of time while transmitting each packet. Longer messages require a series of packets to be sent but do not require the link to be dedicated between the transmission of each packet.The implication is that packets belonging to other messages may be sent between the packets of the message being sent from one node to other node. This provides a much fairer sharing of the resources of each of the links. 2. The ability to do statistical multiplexing which can exploit the i nherent â€Å"burstiness† in many data applications and thereby enable sharing of the network resources more efficiently among multiple data streams is a major advantage. 3. Pipelining†- This simultaneous use of communications links represents a gain in effieciency, the total delay for transmission across a packet network may be considerebly less than for message switching, despite the inclusion of a header in each packet rather than in each message. Disadvantages: 1. Packets arriving in wrong order. 2. Under heavy use there can be delay. 3. Protocols are needed for a reliable transfer. 4. Not so good for some types data streams. Real-time video streams can lose frames due to the way packets arrive out of sequence[7]. ) PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Circuit Switching In circuit switching, a unique connection is used to move data between the two end user[8]. â€Å"Circuit-Switched type networks† are most commonly portions of the ubiquitous telephone networks to which we ar e all accustomed. In these networks, which generally transmit voice or data, a pribate transmission path is established between any pair or group of users attempting to communicate and is held as long as transmission is required.Telephone networks are typically circuit switched, because voice traffic requires the consistent timing of a single, dedicated physical path to keep a constant delay on the circuit. Figure 2: Example of circuit switching Figure 3: Public circuit switching network Subcribers: The device that attach to the network. Subscriber loop: The link between the subscriber and the network. Exchanges: The switching centers in the network. End office: The switching center that directly supports subscribers. Trunks: The branches between exchanges. They carry multiple voice-frequency circuit using either FDM or synchronous TDM.Figure 4: Circuit establishment Basic performance equation for a single link in a circuit-switched network: Let’s consider a system with N cir cuits on a single link, with customers arriving according to a Poisson process at rate ? customers per second, and with successful customers having a mean holding time of h seconds, distributed as a negative exponential distribution with parameter ? = 1/h. If a customer attempting a new call finds all the circuits busy, there are no waiting places, so we’ll assume that the customer just goes away and forgets about making the call.Define the state of our system by the random variable K, where K represents the number of customers currently in the system, then K can take on any integer value in the range from 0 to N. With these assumptions, our model is simply a state-dependent queue, with arrival rate (independent of the state), and service rate i when the system is in state K=i. This is known as an M/M/N/N queue: Markovian arrivals, Markovian service time, N servers, and a maximum of N customers in the system. We can draw the following Markov chain diagram to represent the sy stem.When there are I customers the service rate is i , which is due to the fact that there are i customers, each with a service rate ? , so the total service rate is i. Figure 5: Markov chain diagram Under conditions of statistical equilibrium, the solution is: pi=AiN! j=0NAjj! Observe that this is simply a truncated Poisson distribution and also the result depends on the traffic A, and not the specific values of ? and ?. To establish a path in circuit switching three consecutive phases are required: 1. Connection establishment. 2. Data transfer. 3.Connection teardown. Elements of a circuit-switch node (Figure 6): * Digital Switch: Provides a trasnparent signal path between any pair of attached devices. * Control Unit: Establishes, maintains and tears down connections. * Network Interface: Functions and hardware needed to connect digital and analog terminals and trunk lines. Figure 6: Circuit switch element Packet Switching In packet switching, data are broken into packets of fixed or variable size, depending on the protocol used. The performance of packet switching is called best effort performance.If you transmit from sender to receiver, all the network will do its best to get the packet to the other end as fast as possible, but there are no guarantees on how fast that packet will arrive. Figure 7: Example of packet switching Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the channel capacity available in digital telecommunication networks such as computer networks, to minimize the transmission latency, the time it takes for data to pass across the network. It is also used to increase robustness of communication. These layers are introduced to break down the complexity of communications.The top layer (layer 7) is the layer at user level. As the layers go down, they get increasingly primitive. Layer is most primitive from as it is just binary numbers prepared to be transmit to the end node. Seven layers of open systems interconnection models are shown in ta ble 1[7]: Layer Number| Name| Description| 1| Pysical Layer| Deals with physical connection between nodes in network. | 2| Data Link Layer| Maintaining and optimising actual connection. | 3| Network Layer| Deals with communication of data on a network. | 4| Transportation Layer| Sequencing, error detection and optimisation of communication. 5| Session Layer| Controls the communication between applications running on end nodes. | 6| Presentation Layer| Format data and provides syntaxes for application. | 7| Application Layer| Contains management functions. | Table 1: Layers of open systems interconnection model Every packet contain some control information in its header, which is required for routing and other purposes. Figure 8: Packet data format Initially, transmission time decreases as packet size is reduced. But, as packet size is reduced and the payload part of a packet becomes comparable to the control part, transmission time increases.Figure 9: Variation of transmission time with packet size. As packet size is decreased, the transmission time reduces until it is comparable to the size of control information. There is a close relationship between packet size and transmission time as shown in Figure 9. In this case it is assumed that there is a virtual circuit from station X to Y through nodes a and b. Times required for transmission decreases as each message is divided into 2 and 5 packets. However, the transmission time increases if each message is divided into 10 packets[9].The packet switched networks allow any host to send data to any other host without reserving the circuit. Multiple paths between a pair of sender and receiver may exist in a packet switched network. One path is selected between source and destination. Whenever the sender has data to send, it converts them into packets and forwards them to next computer or router. The router stores this packet till the output line is free. Then, this packet is transferred to next computer or router ( called as hop). This way, it moves to the destination hop by hop. All the packets belonging to a transmission may or may not take the same route.The route of a packet is decided by network layer protocols. As we know there are two approaches for packet switching which are: 1. Datagram switching, 2. Virtual circuit swtiching. 1. Datagram Switching: Each packet is routed independently through network which is also called connectionless packet-switching. Datagram packet switching sends each packet along the path that is optimal at the time the packet is sent. When a packet traverses the network each intermediate station will need to determine the next hop. Routers in the internet are packet switches that operate in datagraam mode.Each packet may travel by a different path. Each different path will have a different total transmission delay (the number of hops in the path may be different, and the delay across each hop may change for different routes). Therefore, it is possible for the p ackets to arrive at the destination in a different order from the order in which they were sent[10]. Figure 10: Datagram packet switching Figure 11: Delay in datagram packet switching There are three primary types of datagram packet switches: * Store and forward: Buffers data until the entire packet is received and checked for errors.This prevents corrupted packets from propagating throughout the network but increases switching delay. * Fragment free: Filters out most error packets but doesn't necessarily prevent the propagation of errors throughout the network. It offers faster switching speeds and lower delay than store-and-forward mode. * Cut through: Does not filter errors; it switches packets at the highest throughput, offering the least forwarding delay. 2. Virtual Circuit Switching: Virtual circuit packet switching (VC-switching) is a packet switching technique which merges datagram packet switching and circuit switching to extract both of their advantages.VC switching is a v ariation of datagram packet switching where packets flow on so-called logical circuits for which no physical resources like frequencies or time slots are allocated shown in Figure 12. Each packet carries a circuit identifier, which is local to a link and updated by each switch on the path of the packet from its source to its destination[10]. A virtual circuit is defined by the sequence of the mappings between a link taken by packets and the circuit identifier packets carry on this link. In VC-switching, routing is performed at circuit establishment time to keep packet forwarding fast.Other advantages of VC-switching include the traffic engineering capability of circuit switching, and the resources usage efficiency of datagram packet switching. Nevertheless, a main issue of VC-Switched networks is the behavior on a topology change. As opposed to Datagram Packet Switched networks which automatically recompute routing tables on a topology change like a link failure, in VC-switching all virtual circuits that pass through a failed link are interrupted. Hence, rerouting in VC-switching relies on traffic engineering techniques[6].Figure 12: Virtual circuit packet switching Figure 13: Delay on packets in virtual-packet switching 5) APPLICATION OF CIRCUIT AND PACKET SWITCHING Circuit Switching 1. Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) The plain old telephone system (POTS) is the largest circuit switched network. The original  GSM  network is also circuit switched. Prior to the existence of new types of networks, all communication systems had to be built based on the existing telecommunications facilities, which were largely oriented to what the common carriers refer to as plain old telephone service, known as POTS.Consequently, even today, in order to use POTS for data communications, it is necessary to use a modem to convert the data to a form suitable for voice-transmission media. The data transmission rate that can be obtained over a POTS connection is typically les s than 64 Kbps. These rates are adequate for text and audio transmission. However, they are not suf? cient for good quality video transmission in real-time. 2. Switched 56 Service Switched 56 service is a dial-up digital service provided by local and long distance telephone companies. For a connection, a data service unit/data channel unit (DSU/CSU) is used instead of a modem.Switched 56 service uses a 64 Kbps channel, but one bit per byte is used for band signaling, leaving 56 Kbps for data. This service allows the transmission of information over one or two twisted cable pairs to multiple points at a data rate of 56 Kpbs. 3. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) The ISDN was designed in the 1980s to offer end-to-end digital connectivity, while providing the required QoS with data rates in the range of Kbps to Mbps over switched connections. In order to provide even higher data rates, the original ISDN was extended to broadband ISDN (BISDN) (Martin, 1985).The ISDN services are provided to users as ISDN interfaces, each comprising a number of ISDN channels. Using 64-Kbps channels, called bearer or B channels, ISDN provides access to the digital network. ISDN provides lower error rate compared to typical voiceband modems and a relatively high bandwidth data channel[11]. Packet Switching 1. VOIP It is becoming increasingly accepted to transmit delay sensitive data through a packet switched network (rather than circuit switched). There are protocols that can create a virtually real-time environment – which, for voice conversations, is sufficient.Voice over IP is essentially a voice signal encoded into a digital format, being sent through a packet switched network (or possibly any other network) using the Internet Protocol (IP). Over recent years there have been standards developed and supported by major companies including ITU-T H. 323. VOIP has a long way to evolve before it is used as widespread as circuit switched networks, but it is well on its wa y. 2. IPv6 The current protocol that is employed almost everywhere IP (IPv4) has come to the end of its useful life. This is mainly because it has run out of addresses to uniquely identify every non-private computer in the world.IPv6 has been deigned to be more efficient than IPv4 and solve the addressing problems that we face at present. Ipv6 will use 128 bits to address nodes, which provides 2128possibilities (roughly3. 4? 1038). It will incorporate a special ‘option mechanism’ to store optional headers in the transport layer (to maximize efficiency by reducing required space). Finally, Ipv6 will have support for resource allocation, allowing packets to be part of a ‘traffic flow’ which will provide better communication of data such as video/voice streams [VOIP]. 6) CONCLUSION In large networks there might be multiple paths  linking sender and receiver.Information may be switched as it travels through various communication channels. Data networks can be classified as using circuit-switching or packet-switching. Packet switching, which forms the basis of the Internet, is a form of statistical multiplexing in which senders divide messages into small packets. The switching centers receive the control signals, messages or conversations and forwards to the required destination, after necessary modification link amplification if necessary. In computer communication, the switching technique used is known as packet switching or message switch (store and forward switching).In telephone network the switching method used is called circuit switching. Circuit switching  is a technique that directly connects the sender and the receiver in an  unbroken path. In the modern and fast paced world, what we are looking for is efficiency, low costs and reliability and packet-switched networks seems to fulfill most of the criteria that the society is looking for. It would only be a matter of time before circuit switching becomes a thing of the past. 7) REFERENCES [1] Stallings, W. , Data and Computer Communications, 7th ed. 1999, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. [2] Notes. com, C.What is Switching. Available from: http://ecomputernotes. com/computernetworkingnotes/computer-network/what-is-switching. [3] ABC, T. , Circuit Switching. 2005. [4] Jia, S. and G. Wang. Network performance analysis of packet-switching C;sup;3;/sup; system. in TENCON '89. Fourth IEEE Region 10 International Conference. 1989. [5] Wikipedia, Packet Switching, 2012, Wikipedia. [6] Torlak, P. M. , Telecommunication Switching and Transmission. Packet Switching and Computer Networks: UTD. [7] Heng Zheng Hann, C. Y. Y. , Fareezul Asyraf, Farhana Binti Mohamad, Fong Poh Yeee, Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching, C.Y. Y. Heng Zheng Hann, Fareezul Asyraf, Farhana Binti Mohamad, Fong Poh Yeee, Editor, Wikibooks. [8] Gebali, F. , Analysisof Computer and Communication. Switches and Routers2008, New York, USA: Springer. [9] Kharagpur, I. , Switching Techniqu es: Circuit Switching, CSE. [10] Notes. com, C. Datagram Packet vs. Virtual Packet. Available from: http://ecomputernotes. com/computernetworkingnotes/switching/distinguish-between-datagram-packet-switching-and-virtual-circuit-switching. [11] Dr. Farid Farahmand, D. Q. Z. , Circuit Switching. 2007.

Aba Putangina Nyo

BUSINESS CASE Presented to the Accountancy Department De La Salle University In partial fulfillment Of the course requirements In ACTPACO (K32) Duhaylungsod, Paul Angelo, P. March 5, 2013 DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Richard Powers and Jane Keckley, two professionals in the finance area, have worked for Eberhart Leasing for a number of years. Eberhart Leasing is a company that leases high-tech medical equipment to hospitals. Richard and Jane have decided that, with their financial expertise, they might start their own company to provide consulting services to individuals interested in leasing equipment.One form of organization they are considering is a partnership. If they start a partnership, each individual plans to contribute P2 million in cash. In addition, Richard has a used IBM computer that originally cost P148,000, which he intends to invest in the partnership. The computer has a present market value of P60,000. Although both Richard and Jane are financial wizards, they do not know a great deal about how a partnership operates. As a result, they have come to you for advice. 1.What are the major disadvantages of starting a partnership? Partnership can easily dissolve automatically when one of its partners no longer wishes to participate in the business, or is unable to. This may happen in the event of death, bankruptcy, retirement or resignation. A divorce could also force a partner to attempt to cash out his interest, since decisions are shared, disagreements can occur. A partnership is for the long term, and expectations and situations can change, which can lead to dramatic and traumatic split ups.Business partners are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners and you have to consult your partner and negotiate more as you cannot make decisions by yourself therefore need to be more flexible and a major disadvantage of a partnership is unlimited liability. General partners are liable without limit for all debts cont racted and errors made by the partnership. The accounts of partnership concerns are not published so public is unaware of the exact position of the business.There is a suspicion in public mind that these concerns earn huge profits at the cost of consumers. There is no legal binding for the publication of accounts. So partnership concerns lack public confidence. No partner can transfer his share to a third party without the consent of the other partners. If a partner wants his share back it will not be possible without the approval of other partners or without dissolution of the firm. In case of a company, any shareholder can transfer his shares without affecting the working of the business.In partnership, a partner is permanently wedded to it and lastly there is a limitation in raising additional resources for expansion purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners. Borrowing capacity of the partners is also limited. The number of partners to be added to a business is also limited. A banking company cannot have more than ten partners and in other businesses the number of partners cannot exceed twenty. So there is a limit beyond which partners cannot be added. 2. What type of document is needed for a partnership, and what should this document contain?Article of co partnership is a written agreement prior to the formation of a business, outlining the terms of the partnership and it must contain the firm’s name, how the firm will begin and end, nature of the business operations, monetary agreements like partners investments, determination of partner salaries and distribution of profits and losses. The document must also contain decision making guidelines and authority of partners and lastly expected time contribution of partners. 3. Both Richard and Jane plan to work full-time in the new partnership.They believe that net income or net loss should be shared equally. However, they are wondering how they can provide compen sation to Richard Powers for his additional investment of the computer. What would you tell them? They should change the profit and loss ratio in favor or Richard Powers in order for them to compensate his additional investment or they can also give him a bonus as well because if they distribute the net loss or net income equally it would be unfair for him because he invested more than the other partner.Another advice I would tell them is Richard can contribute less cash and compensate with the investment of his computer therefore, the basis of the distribution of income is their beginning capital or initial investment. 4. Richard is not sure how the computer equipment should be reported on his tax return. What would you tell him? The report on his tax return regarding the computer equipment will be based or I related on his income or you can say that depending on their net income or loss dividing by the partners’ profit 5.As indicated above, Richard and Jane have worked toge ther for a number of years. Richard’s skills complement Jane’s and vice versa. If one of them dies, it will be very difficult for the other to maintain the business, not to mention the difficulty of paying the deceased partner’s estate for his or her partnership interest. What would you advise them to do? They should know the risk of entering a partnership and all of its disadvantages stated earlier but because accidents cannot be prevented they should have alternatives or options unless one of them dies early during the partnership.One option is that they could assign their respective heirs to take over the business for them or if they don’t have a child they must assign their personal choice of who they want to replace them but of course the heirs or assignees must have knowledge about what they might acquire in their shoulders like the liabilities of the previous owner, the responsibilities on handling a business. In paying the deceased partner’ s estate they could build a trust fund through their partnership that would sustain the payables if ever one of them dies so that the remaining partner would not have a difficult time in paying those interest. Aba Putangina Nyo BUSINESS CASE Presented to the Accountancy Department De La Salle University In partial fulfillment Of the course requirements In ACTPACO (K32) Duhaylungsod, Paul Angelo, P. March 5, 2013 DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Richard Powers and Jane Keckley, two professionals in the finance area, have worked for Eberhart Leasing for a number of years. Eberhart Leasing is a company that leases high-tech medical equipment to hospitals. Richard and Jane have decided that, with their financial expertise, they might start their own company to provide consulting services to individuals interested in leasing equipment.One form of organization they are considering is a partnership. If they start a partnership, each individual plans to contribute P2 million in cash. In addition, Richard has a used IBM computer that originally cost P148,000, which he intends to invest in the partnership. The computer has a present market value of P60,000. Although both Richard and Jane are financial wizards, they do not know a great deal about how a partnership operates. As a result, they have come to you for advice. 1.What are the major disadvantages of starting a partnership? Partnership can easily dissolve automatically when one of its partners no longer wishes to participate in the business, or is unable to. This may happen in the event of death, bankruptcy, retirement or resignation. A divorce could also force a partner to attempt to cash out his interest, since decisions are shared, disagreements can occur. A partnership is for the long term, and expectations and situations can change, which can lead to dramatic and traumatic split ups.Business partners are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners and you have to consult your partner and negotiate more as you cannot make decisions by yourself therefore need to be more flexible and a major disadvantage of a partnership is unlimited liability. General partners are liable without limit for all debts cont racted and errors made by the partnership. The accounts of partnership concerns are not published so public is unaware of the exact position of the business.There is a suspicion in public mind that these concerns earn huge profits at the cost of consumers. There is no legal binding for the publication of accounts. So partnership concerns lack public confidence. No partner can transfer his share to a third party without the consent of the other partners. If a partner wants his share back it will not be possible without the approval of other partners or without dissolution of the firm. In case of a company, any shareholder can transfer his shares without affecting the working of the business.In partnership, a partner is permanently wedded to it and lastly there is a limitation in raising additional resources for expansion purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners. Borrowing capacity of the partners is also limited. The number of partners to be added to a business is also limited. A banking company cannot have more than ten partners and in other businesses the number of partners cannot exceed twenty. So there is a limit beyond which partners cannot be added. 2. What type of document is needed for a partnership, and what should this document contain?Article of co partnership is a written agreement prior to the formation of a business, outlining the terms of the partnership and it must contain the firm’s name, how the firm will begin and end, nature of the business operations, monetary agreements like partners investments, determination of partner salaries and distribution of profits and losses. The document must also contain decision making guidelines and authority of partners and lastly expected time contribution of partners. 3. Both Richard and Jane plan to work full-time in the new partnership.They believe that net income or net loss should be shared equally. However, they are wondering how they can provide compen sation to Richard Powers for his additional investment of the computer. What would you tell them? They should change the profit and loss ratio in favor or Richard Powers in order for them to compensate his additional investment or they can also give him a bonus as well because if they distribute the net loss or net income equally it would be unfair for him because he invested more than the other partner.Another advice I would tell them is Richard can contribute less cash and compensate with the investment of his computer therefore, the basis of the distribution of income is their beginning capital or initial investment. 4. Richard is not sure how the computer equipment should be reported on his tax return. What would you tell him? The report on his tax return regarding the computer equipment will be based or I related on his income or you can say that depending on their net income or loss dividing by the partners’ profit 5.As indicated above, Richard and Jane have worked toge ther for a number of years. Richard’s skills complement Jane’s and vice versa. If one of them dies, it will be very difficult for the other to maintain the business, not to mention the difficulty of paying the deceased partner’s estate for his or her partnership interest. What would you advise them to do? They should know the risk of entering a partnership and all of its disadvantages stated earlier but because accidents cannot be prevented they should have alternatives or options unless one of them dies early during the partnership.One option is that they could assign their respective heirs to take over the business for them or if they don’t have a child they must assign their personal choice of who they want to replace them but of course the heirs or assignees must have knowledge about what they might acquire in their shoulders like the liabilities of the previous owner, the responsibilities on handling a business. In paying the deceased partner’ s estate they could build a trust fund through their partnership that would sustain the payables if ever one of them dies so that the remaining partner would not have a difficult time in paying those interest.

chrysler operating systems production management philosophies Essays

chrysler operating systems production management philosophies Essays chrysler operating systems production management philosophies Essay chrysler operating systems production management philosophies Essay In order to develop a scheme for incorporating the bing production direction doctrines of the Chrysler Operating System and the Mercedes-Benz Production Concept, there are a figure of facets that were taken into consideration. This sum-up of recommendations includes information on the analysis of the procedures, the tools utilised to carry on that analysis, suggestions on how to manage any identified conflicting goals/system elements, synergisms between procedures, the function of defined guidelines for the integrating of the productions systems, how declaration between the attacks was reached, definition of any farther classs of action, and the function of corporate civilization in the integrating procedure. Analysis of Production Management Philosophies Prior to explicating a scheme, both production direction doctrines have to be analysed in order to better understand what processes were the most effectual within each production system. Since concern procedure integrating involves the integrating of multiple processes into a individual set of activities, each procedure must be assessed in footings of its importance and ability to accomplish specific ends in order to keep an in agreement upon set of aims and understate the sum of alteration that each administration must undergo to make a incorporate production direction system. Specific appraisal tools can include duplicate and analysis mechanisms. The first tool of procedure matching is defined as the procedure of constellating and associating similar activities by utilizing assorted methods each with strengths and failings that can leverage the cognition stored in a procedure. In footings of Mercedes-Benz and Chrysler, this would affect fiting the system elements, design guidelines, and methods and tools to place the strengths and failings of each system. Once the matching has been completed in footings of what processes work good together from the systems, farther analysis is done to give how these procedures can be implemented into a new production system. As portion of the advanced analysis, the overall province of the car industry should besides be examined as portion of research affecting external forces, including economic, societal, political, and competitory factors by carry oning a Porter s Five Forces and SWOT analysis. A figure of these external alterations are of import to understand in footings of guaranting that the new scheme aligns both administrations every bit good as lucifers the demands of the external factors. For case, the new cognition environment has replaced fabricating whilst societal outlooks are altering in footings of valued-added merchandises that meet environmental criterions and conform to new economic outlooks. All of these factors have, so, undermined the domination of the mass production system that had been the common production direction system of the car industry. Such a additive system no longer works within an environment that expects customisation whilst working on a planetary graduated table. The analysis should besides affect benchmarking other industry leaders, such as the Toyota Production System ( TPS ) . The procedures utilised within successful rivals can besides be assessed in footings of successful execution into a new production system that will replace two separate procedure doctrines. For case, TPS has proved to be a successful production procedure in that it has helped to pull off equipment, stuffs, and labour in the most efficient mode while guaranting a healthy and safe work environment. Additionally, TPS has been founded to present other benefits, including greater merchandise assortment, fast response or flexibleness, stable production agendas, supply concatenation integrating and demand direction, that have yielded consistent quality studies above and beyond American and European car manufacturers. For case, the Chrysler Operating System had already incorporated many of the TPS capablenesss, including just-in-time bringing and buffer minimization, squad administration and duty for quality, mistake analysis and quality problem-solving. Other facets that should be measured for usage in the new production system is the manner that the Chrysler Operating System utilised a acquisition through making preparation classs so that workers were empowered to do process betterments inline to better the degree of quality whilst raising the flow of production. Further probe of all these capablenesss every bit good as each administration s civilizations are indispensable in making a proper appraisal about what constituents of the production procedure will work with the incorporate companies. Resolution of Conflicting Goals/System Elementss One of the most of import facets to the scheme involves guaranting that struggle between ends and system elements are minimised to ease the execution of the new system. However, there will ever be certain facets or ends that lead to conflict. In order for alteration to happen, execution must be desirable by all parties involved so that a consensus is reached in deciding any evident struggle. A cardinal issue between the two systems was the concern over quality due to the fact the Chrysler s production system relied to a great extent on outsourcing of many of its activities related to the design and physique stages. To counterbalance for this, Chrysler did benchmark Toyotas production system, which led to its Chrysler Operating System. Additionally, struggle developed at Mercedes-Benz when alterations were suggested, including a motion manner from the assembly-line procedures of mass production to the more specialized independent working squads as portion of modular production. Such drastic alterations to an administration do non portend good with employees or direction unless there is a precise definition of what it will accomplish. This was apparent in the deficiency of a written, company-specific Rastatt production system that would hold enabled the staff to derive a better apprehension of how to integrate the freshly suggested humancentered production rules of the Uddevalla production system. In contrast, The Chrysler Operating System ( COS ) was already in topographic point and the company had already experienced a extremist alteration in the merchandise development procedure. Additionally, struggle developed from a continued deficiency of defined guidelines in its productions system Prosys. Conflict came from the fact that there was non a consistent set of criterions but, alternatively, were a loose aggregation of production procedure descriptions intended to assist workers to understand eleven selected production subjects. This, once more, reinforces that a clearly defined scheme for developing, implementing, and pass oning a production procedure is indispensable for success in incorporating two distinguishable systems. In contrast, the Toyota Production System provides a comprehensive and elaborate description of what is involved in the production system, including criterions, aims, and functions and duties. However, another struggle appeared in footings of dissension about whether the TPS theoretical account was every bit good as many claimed. Some within the Mercedes-Benz administration believed that this production system, in existent fact, resulted in decrease of working rhythms, occupation content, and an addition in insistent work and physical and psychological strain. To decide these struggles, recommendations include recognizing how the clearly-defined system that Chrysler had in topographic point, which mirrored some of the most successful constructs of Toyota, could be integrated into the bing one at Mercedes-Benz that was excessively general. As one research worker noted, one recommendation is to make a elaborate integrating design, which identifies a ( limited ) figure of concern elements to be examined individually and place where there is overlap, struggle, or compatibility so that certain countries can be preserved whilst others are realigned. It would be this design t hat could besides relieve any struggle in footings of dissension on the benefits of implementing the best patterns of TPS. Each of these concerns would be addressed within the design to guarantee that at that place would non be any happening of strain, insistent work, or loss of occupation content. Synergies in Production Management Philosophies Synergies can be transferred throughout the administration, but there can be external factors that can suppress the acceptance of certain synergisms. For case, labour Torahs and production capacity can differ significantly between the US and Germany can bring forth certain transportations of procedures to other fabrication workss. In these instances, the synergisms that have been realised can be adapted to aline with specific authorities ordinances and still be able to make important betterments. Identifying these synergisms will assist the new production procedure in footings of quality, time-to-market, and the decrease of costs every bit good as supply a competitory advantage. In footings of synergisms between the two companies, there are a figure of countries to be considered, including merchandise development, time-to-market, planetary schemes, and logistics. In reexamining the best patterns of each production system, these could go the chief synergisms that the new production system could leverage to meld the best of all processes together for improved bringing clip, quality, work load, and costs. However, the appraisal of best patterns within each system can be time-consuming because there are an infinite figure of solutions that need to be evaluated and there are inquiries about the deepness of appraisal and scrutiny. From this, it can be concluded that there is merely a certain sum of in-depth rating that can be conducted prior to the integrating of the procedures. At this clip, merely synergisms and best patterns that can be implemented rapidly with the least sum of attempt and cost whilst bring forthing the most seeable consequences for the new a dministration have been planned. Possibly, other appraisals can be done at a ulterior day of the month to pull out farther synergisms and sweetening through best patterns. Like the Toyota Production System, all alterations did non happen at one time but were phased in every bit needed over a period of old ages, so DaimlerChrysler will besides hold to add best patterns as the new production system continues to germinate. Defined Guidelines, Resolution Approaches and Further Courses of Action Prior to the amalgamation, Mercedes-Benz did look to hold trouble with specifying the necessary guidelines that would assist convey consistence to all of its production processes throughout the company s installations. For case, single workss had implemented their ain plant-specific production systems instead than concentrating on any comprehensive standardized systems. For Mercedes-Benz, the administration will necessitate to farther evolve in its procedure production system with some experts oppugning the house s ability to travel beyond the prevailing German expert-led uninterrupted betterment theoretical account to the group-led Kaizen theoretical account developed by Toyota as a cardinal component in its widely adopted thin system. In order for Mercedes-Benz Production Concept and the Chrysler Operating System to incorporate for improved production throughout all fabrication locations, there needs to be more work accomplished around the accomplishment of independent workgroups as they are larning to deconcentrate determinations and decide cultural differences in work manner. This will necessitate attempts to make the administration through its civilization to farther embed these constructs into the day-to-day operations. Similarly, Mercedes-Benz might be able to benchmark many best patterns from the Chrysler Operating System in footings of puting clearly defined criterions that its new spouse had incorporated from TPS. This set of defined guidelines for operating processs include work instructions, standardised operation sheets, preventive care criterions and statistical procedure control ( SPC ) . In this manner, Mercedes-Benz can profit from a more organized system that specifically communicates to those working within the production procedure so that they more clearly understand their function and duties. Since the manner in which each production squad worked in footings of their policies were rather different, this country needed speedy declaration so that the company could take advantage of any bing synergisms that might be discovered. To make so, the new theoretical account would include a set of defined operating rules and best pattern methods that would replace the anterior work policies that were in struggle with each other. However, with so many rules and best patterns, there will necessitate to be a more defined methodological analysis for the administration to understand how these rules and best patterns work together as a cohesive production theoretical account instead than looking as a disconnected list of system constituents. Role of Corporate Culture in Successful Process System Integration Corporate civilization is a critical success factor within an administration, which is imperative to implementing and implanting any strategic alterations within an administration and it becomes particularly of import in a clip of integrating where employees need something significant to steer them through the procedure. A civilization based on cognition will ease the transportation of cognition throughout the administration, better enabling the success of a scheme that is tied to that cognition base. A corporate civilization, which portions cognition and accepts change, can guarantee that the production processes of the two administrations are tightly integrated. ODell and Grayson have recommended five indispensable actions that should be taken: The ability to capture acquisition. A procedure betterment orientation. The ability to work efficaciously in squads. A common methodological analysis for betterment and alteration. The engineering to back up cataloguing. It is the fulfillment of these actions that has enabled the full car industry to impel itself frontward in footings of accomplishing enhanced quality, dependability, and length of service. For illustration, it was this apprehension of civilization at Mercedes-Benz that did take to consensus amongst the administration to utilize invention, motive and accomplishments of staff more expeditiously. Reaching this understanding by holding a strong organizational civilization is one of the most effectual ways to plan and migrate to a new production procedure. There are other of import issues about corporate civilization that are critical to guaranting a successful integrating procedure. As one research worker noted, Geting directors have a inclination to see integrating as a procedure of making them the same as us. However, the right attack balances the demand to continue the value of what is acquired with the demand to make synergisms. The civilization is a critical portion of this procedure because it can supply the footing and encouragement for making the willingness and ability of many people across both administrations to interact and work together to maximize those synergisms that exist. Overall Recommendations In footings of the aforesaid actions, Mercedes-Benz has been able to carry through some whilst still necessitating to come on toward a common methodological analysis with Chrysler to accomplish a new high public presentation system. Mercedes-Benz should go on its attempts to diversify its squad to enable its move to a leaner production procedure because this allows the company to engage a squad that can convey assorted expertness, cognition, and capablenesss into the procedures for farther sweetening of the new system. Within the US administration, the company has been able to convey together German, American and US-Japanese directors to make a alone civilization and operations that incorporates German direction patterns and Nipponese production processes. It is hoped that trusting on the cognition based of this direction construction will assist decide the broad assortment of work manners between the works degree and centre degree administrations. Making work squads that include members from each administration will enable new procedure solutions to be developed that so can be agreed upon as the new criterion for the company. Overall recommendations include consistent and clear communicating on the specific guidelines and productions criterions that will border the new production system of the freshly integrated company. As portion of the integrating procedure, it would be recommended that DaimlerChrysler incorporate extended preparation processes that embed the new best pattern criterions within each installation, integrating cognition transportation on the assorted schemes, including just-in-time and entire quality processes. Rather than fall backing to the insular position that Mercedes-Benz had antecedently taken, it is recommended that the company expression outwards for the best patterns that will assist impel the company frontward as the planetary car industry continues to radically germinate. As in all industries viing today within the world-wide market place, it seems as though procedure betterments will be an on-going scheme within DaimlerChrysler in footings of giving higher degrees of quality and reduced costs. While a new standardized system can be developed that can be successfully integrated across DaimlerChrysler, there is still an apprehension that there may be times where it is still necessary to be flexible plenty to accommodate the production system to conform to certain human resource direction and labour relation criterions in assorted states where a peculiar group within a fabrication works may hold different outlooks. This can be benchmarked from the best patterns of the Toyota Production System that has proven that it can be adjusted into a intercrossed theoretical account in order to keep first-class labour-management dealingss, which is the key to the success of any production system. So, whilst standardization is good in footings of bettering the proficient side of the concern in footings of costs, engineering, quality, and bringing times, the softer side of the concern, including human dealingss, labour dealingss, and employee motive and productiveness can be better handled with flexibleness and hybridization of certain procedures. Combined, these attempts will supply DaimlerChrysler with a competitory and productive production system.

Why was Mussolini able to come in to power as early as 1922 Essays

Why was Mussolini able to come in to power as early as 1922 Essays Why was Mussolini able to come in to power as early as 1922 Essay Why was Mussolini able to come in to power as early as 1922 Essay Mussolini took a considerable short amount of time to come to power a substantial three years. Mussolini came to power within a couple of years and the main point to argue this is due to the fact of the weakness of Italy as a whole. Italy was a breading ground for the Fascist regime and Mussolini took full advantage of this and he profited from this a large amount. Italy had a lot of problems before the First World War and they only got worse after the war. Italy fought the war mostly against the Austrians along there northern boarders and was conflicted with severe causalities. The problems that Italy faced after the war included discontent amongst the citizens of Italy, economical problem and also cracks amongst the Italian government. Italy dealt with heavy casualties and their national debt rouse from 16 billion lire in 1914 to an enormous 85 billion lire in 1919. Other areas that hit Italy were their industries; the ammunition industry suffered heavily after the First World War as the demand for weapons dramatically decreased. This was a very good happening for Mussolini because at this time the people needed somebody to look up to, to guide them through this hardship and lead them to good times. Mussolini rose from power at the exact right time and he benefited from this. The government of Italy proved to be a key factor in the rise of power for Mussolini. The Italian government was very weak at the time and became even weaker when proportional representation was introduced. The first issue that the government faced was the actual parties in the government. The government was divided between the two major groups which rarely agreed on anything so making decisions were very hard to be made. The socialist party would never agree with anything the popular party agreed on so coalitions were rarely made. Other parties such as the General Confederation of Labor, Italian Confederation of Workers and the Communist party were not able to gain too much power because the appealed only to certain group of people. Unlike Fascism, which was formed for a certain group of people. The government basically was very weak and Mussolini did not have to do much in making the people believe that the Fascists party would make the government stronger as the Italian government was too weak to understand the meaning of strong. The popularity of Socialist was another factor that worried a lot of people in Italy; people were scared that the Socialist would cause a revolution like the Bolsheviks in Russia and cause chaos in Italy. People were afraid of the socialist parties as there occasionally strikes and ransacking made them feel that the government could not control them. But overall the Socialist party was a very weak party indeed, historian Mack Smith argues that Socialism lacked responsible leadership and had no clear aim of how to reach power and the fact that they never co-operated with other parties. If they had done so they would have achieved control of Italy easily but they did not and were taken apart. Mussolini again took advantage of this problem and announced to the people that he could resolve the socialist problems and his political army of Fascists would crush there strikes and ransacking. He was seen as a savior for the people of Italy and he gained popularity with the public after his outbursts of future intentions and Italys bright future. Even though that the ras were crucial for the success of fascism, Mussolini had a lot of characteristics which made him and made people see him as a good leader. Mussolini had many abilities such as in writing and as a leader he knew what the people demanded from him. He was a natural speaker, his ability to speak publicly was immaculate as he would grip his crowd and leave them roaring with excitement. Also he was the only person that was in control of the ras, who in turn was seen by the ras as vital because the movement needed a very strong a reliable figure that the people could support. His flexible policies also enabled more people to appeal to Fascism thus gaining a lot of support in a short amount of time. Another key factor that led to the Fascists coming to power would be the March on Rome. This was when Mussolini was invited to become the Prime Minister of Italy by the King, as he did not want his cousin to gain power over Italy. As a result he gained a lot of support from the people and it was his first real large step that gave him power before 1922. The fascists were able to gain power in such a short time mainly because Italy was overall an extremely weak country. In only three years fascism came into power with only several seats in parliament, it could have been stopped but a few lucky events proved lucky for Mussolini and handed him power in 1922. He was very lucky at times an example being the March on Rome, Mussolini himself did not expect himself to gain power so easily so worried and was prepared to flee, but still he conquered Rome and was given power easily. If the socialist party had been more organized and co-operative then they might have come to power, but fate played into Mussolinis hands. Although the movement could have been stopped very easily, the weakness of the government to take action against the Fascists gave then success and this was why Mussolini and the Fascist party was able to achieve dominance of Italy.

Critical Success Contextual Factors among SMEs in Saudi Arabia Essay

Critical Success Contextual Factors among SMEs in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The intention of this study is Saudi Arabia, one of the richest Arab countries. Albeit geographically small compared to Russia and the United States, the country easily bested the two cold war super powers in terms of oil production with an estimated 10.5 billion barrels per day (bbl) for 2010 estimates. Oil is a very important commodity for the global market and it is very critical to move the economy of essentially all countries. Yet, despite this seemingly huge advantage, the country pales is not among the leading economies of the world. This is mainly due to the fact that aside from its huge oil deposits, the country is void of other natural resources. Still, among its peers in the Arab world, Saudi Arabia is among the richest nations. The country is a sprawling land of about 2.15 million square kilometres hosting about 25.7 million inhabitants. It is a Muslim country and monarchy is its form of government. Interestingly though, among the population of the country, about 7 millio n are foreigners working in the country. However, aside from the oil companies, major companies hold the bulk of businesses in the country. Recently though, Saudi entrepreneurs are picking up the pace and are steadily becoming a force for economic growth for the country. This is very important because for so long now, the country’s economy has greatly relied on oil revenues which, being a natural resource, is strongly influenced by the government despite the existence of foreign business partners. 1.1.1 SMEs in Saudi Arabia It is important though that these SMEs step up in Saudi Arabia. It is noteworthy to recognize the strong growth of these different entrepreneurs which now accounts to about 93% of the total enterprises in the country. It is lamentable though that despite of this, the sector’s contribution to job generation is a mere 24.7 percent. Although these are small and medium scale enterprises employing only a handful of employees (59 and below for small while 60 to 99 for medium), it is important for the country to be able to get more out of these budding entrepreneurs in order to give more jobs to the Saudis (info provided

Why has gift exchange been an important topic for anthropology Essay

Why has gift exchange been an important topic for anthropology - Essay Example Researchers have established that giving is a composite subject in relation to describing human interactions and the ways that people become social within a society. In some quarters, many argue that gift exchange is an act of reciprocation and it can be a way of integrating people and culture in a society. Others also view gift giving as a way of influencing social communication especially for people that do not speak the same language or share the same cultural practices (Evens 2013, p. 123). The implication of this that gifts can be a representation of expression making them to convey cultural meanings that the other party may understand as the expressions of intended plans. Essentially, the act of giving or exchanging gifts becomes a tool for influencing social responsibilities and ways of providing political contrive. With this, this essay will explain the reasons as to why gift exchange is a relevant topic in anthropology by presenting the arguments, counter-arguments and the e vidence to support both of these claims. 2. Arguments One of the key contributors to the argument that gifts formed part of the anthropology researches was Mauss Marcel who was a French sociologist in the nineteenth century. For one, Mauss argued that the issuance of gifts was never free, but rather they opened up avenues for reciprocal exchanges for those that received the gifts in the first place. In essence, the process of anthropology requires that a researcher dwells among the people that are the subject of the study in order for them to acquire first hand information concerning their way of living. Ideally, this was the most appropriate way of gathering data within the anthropology study as the information gathered was accurate and factual as compared making researches based on secondary data. However, the process of engaging the natives involved in the study was a tricky affair because of the difference in culture and language attributes (Ensminger 2002, p. 106). Therefore, a nthropologists had to be creative hence making them to devise ways of how the natives would come to trust them in order for their study being a success. Mauss shared a contrary view in his argument that the gifts given to the natives were not free and that the recipient had to find a way of reciprocating for it. Subsequently, Mauss could not understand the content of the gifts that made them to have the reciprocating nature, but concluded that the gesture of receiving or giving somehow had spiritual attributes. Mauss concluded that the act of giving fostered social bonds between people from different cultures hence making the receiver to develop the obligation to reciprocate for the kind gesture shown by the giver (Ben-Amos 2008, p. 5). On the other hand, the giver also had to part with something that was somehow of value to him, which meant that the giver had shared a part of him influencing the bond to be a social one. As part of his theoretical views on the subject of giving and receiving gifts, Mauss three basic principles of his ideology that were giving, receiving, and reciprocating as part of developing social relationships. When a person gave, they portrayed their interest in developing and maintaining healthy relationships while the receiver could not refuse the gift. Failure to accept the gift was illustrating that the person was not interested in forming any formidable ties with the giver, but if they accepted the gift they had the moral obligation of reciprocating as part of showing liberation (Peoples & Bailey 2012, p. 147). However, the postmodern aspects of examining anthropology illustrate the