Defence policy of india free essay sample

India seeks after a street of tranquil turn of events, and solidly seeks after a national safeguard strategy which is protective in nature. India is a creating nation with immense domain and enormous populace. Indias harmony, security and advancement needs powerful national safeguard. Indias national barrier is dependent upon and serves its turn of events and security technique. It isn't coordinated against nor does it undermine any nation, and its central reason for existing is to shield national security and solidarity, and guarantee smooth advancement of the reason for building a tolerably prosperous society in an inside and out manner. Indias national resistance never goes past the need of defending its national security. India has been and will stay firm in defending global and local harmony, security and strength. India trusts the worldwide network will see Indias national protection development in a goal and reasonable way. India is prepared to work with all gatherings to fortify common trust and participation with the end goal of advancing universal harmony, dependability and advancement. India unswervingly seeks after a free international strategy of harmony. The central objectives of this approach are to save Indias autonomy, power and regional trustworthiness, make a positive worldwide condition for Indias change and opening up and modernization development, keep up world harmony and push basic turn of events. Foundation Following India’s freedom in 1947, at that point Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru set out on an international strategy that depended on standards of communism and staying reserved to the developing battle between the Soviet Union and the nations framing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the post-World War II period. In the end, this arrangement prompted India getting one of the establishing individuals from the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1955. In down to earth terms, it set India in a place of making sure about reciprocal universal responsibilities just in circumstances that were plainly impartial in nature or in instances of lastresort. The essential standards of nonalignment additionally represented the military connections of the Indian guard foundation, bringing about constrained military-tomilitary contacts, for the most part through United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions or preparing at outside military schools. These practices were for the most part followed by his replacements until the mid 1990s when a changing geopolitical structure and an inner monetary emergency started to challenge these standards. India’s answer to this test is to connect with whatever number â€Å"friendly remote countries† as could be allowed to build up an offset of nonalignment with worldwide multilateralism. The enhancement of its guard flexibly base from the Soviet Union and later Russia to western providers brought about a progression of new understandings supporting its broadening, while likewise protecting concurrences with a considerable lot of its littler companions. Since 2000, India has expanded the quantity of nations with which it has guard explicit understandings from seven to 26 before the finish of 2008. Respective and multilateral activities are likewise an expanding highlight of India’s viexpanding resistance relations as it tries to discover new innovations to change its military from Cold War time weapons to 21st century capacities through such chances. India’s interests have changed over the previous decade or increasingly, taking it from a place of nonalignment and noncommitment to having explicit vital interests taking it on a way of â€Å"poly-arrangement. This way has all the earmarks of being following four explicit, yet intermixed courses: †¢ Becoming a local force over the Indian Ocean bowl and making sure about understandings from accomplices in this area that help this objective, while developing expeditionary abilities in its naval force and flying corps. Simultaneously, it keeps on modernizing its military to manage possible dangers from its prompt neighbors and inward insurrection gatherings, and to satisfy its objective of being a worldwide pioneer in UN peacekeeping. Creating â€Å"strategic partnerships† with nations saw as pioneers of a worldwide, multipolar request and looking for present day military capacities from a large number of those nations. This incorporates present day weapon frameworks just as the and innovation authorized creation related with those weapon frameworks. †¢ Securing or keeping up attaches with littler nations all around, a significant number of which are individuals from the NAM, that can offer help in universal fora just as give expected markets to its own developing barrier industry. Keeping up its situation of authority in the NAM and publically introducing itself as â€Å"nonaligned† regardless of its genuine arrangements in the three above push regions. A large number of the ongoing changes in India’s worldwide safeguard connections speak to a tremendous takeoff from past strategy and practices. Given that the Congress Party and its United Progressive alliance got a solid discretionary command on its re-appointment in May 2009, these progressions are probably going to proceed and maybe will see strong moves to additionally create and extend key connections around the globe. As India concretes its extending barrier connections through acquisition of significant resistance stages and the related innovation moves and co-creation understandings, it will characterize the course of its drawn out connections for the coming decades. National Security, Defense Policy and Planning It is commonly recognized that the way to deal with national security requires an extensive perspective on different political, social, financial, innovative and vital angles. National security infers shielding regional limits as well as that the country can manufacture a firm, populist, innovatively proficient and dynamic culture with a decent personal satisfaction. Contrasted and national security, safeguard strategy is increasingly focussed, worried about the assurance of the state and its residents from immediate and roundabout (intermediary) military dangers and activities of different states. In guard arranging, the accentuation movements to national security worries that are for the most part military in nature. There are two ideas at this level: discouragement (counting coercive discretion) and resistance (prevention). Prevention alludes to strategies intended to demoralize the foe from making direct or intermediary military move, by raising the expense with the goal that it exceeds the increases that he may wish to accomplish. Protection (discouragement) arrangements are intended to decrease the capacity of the enemy to cause damageâ€and own expenses and risksâ€in the occasion prevention comes up short. Prevention and protection are two intertwined strands of safeguard strategy. Safeguard arranging includes the conceptualisation of plans and choices for the execution of resistance strategy. Long haul making arrangements for protection is basic for the accompanying reasons: (a) The presence of a profoundly liquid vital condition, which brings about persistent moves and changing profiles of danger and force conditions. (b) To guarantee reasonable designation of assets and savvy use. (c) Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), I. e. propels in innovation, which bring about weapons and gear frameworks getting out of date at a quick rate. Lead time required to raise and plan protection units; to deliver or procure and present new weapons and hardware frameworks. (e) The changing idea of contention and diminished response time. (f) Coordination issues between resistance, monetary, science and innovation, foundation and mechanical exercises, just as among the Defense Forces. The barrier arranging process endeavors to coordinate the budgetary assets liable to be made accessible for the prerequisite to build up the guard ability important to confront the dangers and difficulties. This activity is attempted in two stages: (a) What ought to be the extent dispensed to the resistance exertion as against different zones of national security concerns and monetary development? This activity includes a ‘visionary’ investigation of outer and interior security dangers (frequently connected) and challenges. So as to limit unfavorable effects of high military consumption on financial turn of events, it is important to fit national advancement arranging with resistance arranging. (b) Optimization of allotted assets, for example dissemination of assets inside the Ministry of Defense (MoD) in light of Force arranging (Force and weapons blend, order and control, coordinations and HR the executives) by the Defense Services to battle ebb and flow and future dangers, and improvement of required abilities by the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), resistance creation and different offices concerned. The quantum of indigenous creation and the necess ities to be acquired from outside are chosen in this stage. The goal is to accomplish maximumdefence ability from the given assets. Both portion and dispersion are firmly connected. They should be explored occasionally however not all that as often as possible that the arranging procedure turns out to be specially appointed. In India’s case, this is done at five-year spans. Foundation of Defense Planning in India Before freedom, the guard administrations dealt with an arrangement of agreement financial plan. Resistance consumption was pegged at Rs 55 crore for every year, which was the greater part of the Central Government’s income. There was no genuine danger from outside (aside from during World War II, when a new understanding was marked) and this sum was more than sufficient to keep up the foundation. The investment funds were not permitted to slip by yet taken care of in the Defense Reserve Fund that was used to back measures for reequipment of the Defense Services, in this manner liberating the Government from giving asset cash more prominent than the agreement sum. Use on barrier rose steeply not long after freedom. However,â there was no arranged exertion and barrier programs consiste

Bullying in the united states of america Research Paper

Tormenting in the US of america - Research Paper Example (Salamone and Pesce 2010). The rundown really contained a developing number of casualties and these names referenced here were simply part of numerous instances of tormenting that happen in American schools today. These occurrences should fill in as a reminder to policymakers, school executives and the general public itself with the end goal for them to focus, find a way to address the issue. The quantity of honest lives that are being guaranteed by this national pestilence ought not be allowed to become significantly further, particularly given the way that we can take care of business. Why is Bullying Dangerous? So as to comprehend why tormenting must be halted for the last time, everybody ought to know about what it is. This is vital in light of the fact that there may in any case be individuals out there who laugh at these episodes and see them as some minor prodding or school fights that are normally part of growing up. The quantity of intrigue gatherings and insightful work on harassing has come about to a few delineations of tormenting. For instance, Robert Thomas (2006) clarified that it is the demonstration of tormenting an individual in a manner he loathes. (p. 135) JaredStory.com a reason arranged site established by the mother of a domineering jerk's casualty went similarly as considering it a littler scope psychological oppression on the grounds that the harasser utilizes terrorizing and fear to compromise, bother and attack a more fragile person. (2011) Then, Fried and Sosland (2009) refered to provoking, shunning and scorning past continuance as tormenting and highlighted the rise of the word/idea called bullycide that came to allude to youngsters who end it all in view of harassing. (p. 14) The sheer number of clarifications doesn't speak to contrasts or some similarity to banter concerning tormenting. The case is that every ha their own form to this marvel, which is in a general sense about a reliable attack - physical, mental, oral - on a more vulnerable individual by a more grounded menace. In an examination embraced by Bradley (2007), it was discovered that: 1) 33% of center school understudies have felt risky at school because of tormenting; and, 2) in any event 10% of secondary school understudies who dropped out of school refered to dread of harassing as the reason. (p. 1) Hernandez (2006) additionally shared horrid insights in his own exploration, expressing, â€Å"nearly 30% of American younger students have been engaged with some part of bullying,† with 13% self-revealed of being menaces, 10.6% announced being tormented, and 6.3% detailed being both a casualty and a harasser. (p. 61) The measurements as spoke to by crafted by Bradley and Hernandez is dreaded to be a long way from exact in light of the fact that it is accepted that numerous occurrence of harassing go unreported. An upsetting advancement today is the rise of the alleged cyberbullying, â€Å"the utilization of data and correspondence innovat ions to help purposeful, rehashed, and antagonistic conduct by an individual or gathering that is planned to hurt others.† (Evans 2007, p. 14) This sort of harassing is progressively turning out to be noteworthy on the grounds that it will in general amplify the impacts of hostility ten times. Due to the mechanical and correspondence progressions today, numerous apparatuses are presently accessible to understudies that empower them to menace people at a rate, degree and recurrence that has never observed. Access to cell phones, the Internet, including its numerous person to person communication sites are advantageously offering extremely powerful intends to hurt, pester and mortify an

6 Google Search Tricks To Find What You Are Looking For

6 Google Search Tricks To Find What You Are Looking For Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!6 Google Search Tricks To Find What You Are Looking ForUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : svizionTopic : GoogleShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozbVcM CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogYou can make the most out of search engines if you can try some different search queries, especially for a giant like Google. Below I mentioned some of the useful search queries to find what you will be looking for these days.Put one of these string in google search box: 1. Applicationsparent directory /appz/ -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums2. DVD Ripped Moviesparent directory DVDRip -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums3. xVid Moviesparent directory Xvid -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums4. Gamesparent directory Gamez -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums5. Music in MP3 Formatparent directory MP3 -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendi vx -md5 -md5sums6. Specific Song, Album, etcparent directory Name of Singer or album -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sumsNote : I am only changing the word after the parent directory, change it to what you want and you will get a lot of stuff.Tip For Searching Smartly Put this string in google search:?intitle:index.of? mp3You only need add the name of the song/artist/singer.Example: ?intitle:index.of? mp3 dropkickmurphyThese are a few uses the Googles Operators, you can search for that phrase on google and get and find a page with all the them.READ3 Essential WordPress Plugins To Enhance SEOMOST RELATED ONES : 4 Simple Search Engine Tips TricksUse Google Smartly For Better Search ResultsThis article is written by Shawn Crigger. You can out his blog S-Vizion.com for more information on Google Tricks and Web Design. If you wish to write for us, kindly check this.

Midterm Review Essay - 9272 Words

Chapter 16 1.) All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT: Question options: | a) | availability of capital for investment. | | b) | a growing supply of labor. | | c) | abundant natural resources. | | d) | low tariffs. | | e) | federal land grants to railroads. | | | 1 / 1 point | 2.) By 1890, the majority of Americans: Question options: | a) | worked as farmers. | | b) | worked as independent craftsmen. | | c) | worked in the mining industry. | | d) | were moving into the middle class. | | e) | worked for wages. | | | 1 / 1 point | 3.) The second industrial revolution was marked by: Question options: | a) | a return to†¦show more content†¦| | b) | lumber, mining industries, tourism, and farming. | | c) | the continued reliance on self-sufficient farming. | | d) | transportation modes other than the railroad. | | e) | the cooperation of the Plains Indians. | | | 1 / 1 point | 13.) What did hunters shoot while riding the railroads across the West? Question options: | a) | horses | | b) | deer | | c) | antelope | | d) | Indians | | e) | buffalo | | | 1 / 1 point | 14.) Which statement about Chief Joseph’s appeal to an audience in Washington, D.C., in 1879 is FALSE? Question options: | a) | He did not wish to speak to the audience, but had been coerced to do so by President Hayes. | | b) | He asked the white man for more than just talk, as he saw talk as broken promises. | | c) | He believed that the Indians and the white man could live in peace, without trouble between them. | | d) | He asked the policymakers of Washington to extend the same laws to the Indians as to the white man. | | e) | He attempted to convince his audience that its belief that Indians were like wild animals was false. | | | | 15.) What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians? | a) | to prepare them for reservation life | | b) | to train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers | | c) | to convert them to Christianity so that they wouldShow MoreRelatedMidterm Review1485 Words   |  6 PagesInteractive Management Science MSamp;E 107/207, Midterm Review The Flaw of the Averages Mindle 1 / Uncertainty vs. Risk * Risk is in the eye of the beholder * Risk reflects how uncertain outcomes cause loss or injury to a particular individual or group * Risk attitude measures the willigness to incur risk in the quest of reward * Different risks to the same uncertainty Mindle 2 / An uncertain number is a shape * A distribution * â€Å"Uncertain numbers† * Risk is subjective Read MoreMidterm Review Essay963 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ MComm100†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©Mass†©Communication†©in†©Society†© Midterm†©Review†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©12th†©Ed†© (Chapters†©1†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©9)†© †© Understand†©the†©definition†©of†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœencoding’†© What†©is†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnegative†©feedback’?†© Characteristics†©of†©a†©mass†©communication†©audience†© What†©is†©a†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmedia†©vehicle’?†© Characteristics†©of†©mass†©communication†©organizations†© What†©vehicles†©have†©increased†©the†©mobility†©of†©the†©mass†©mediaRead MoreMidterm Review2002 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Federal Circuit Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. Claims Court. 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Themes And Trends That Happened During The Modern Era

1. The themes and trends that happened during the â€Å"modern† era include punishment, humans with their development and religion. The first one is from Nietzsche. He wrote about German punishment. It includes: stoning, breaking on the wheel, casting stakes, having torn or trampled by horses, boiling the criminal in oil or wine, popular fraying and cutting flesh from the breast. He labels the victim and criminal as the creditor and debtor. When humanity was not yet ashamed of cruelty, life on earth was more lighthearted. Perhaps, pain back then didn’t hurt as much as today (Nietzsche’s time). Therefore, cruelty wasn’t a big deal for the spectator during Nietzsche’s time. He lists several definitions of punishment. Punishment defined, as†¦show more content†¦This means that humans grew agriculturally, adapted in different environments and developed jobs for their needs. Unlike an animal, humans actually have something to do in the world rat her than worrying about defending themselves or providing itself strength. Finally, humans developed governments. There are three steps that Rousseau believed in how government was started. The first step is the right of conquest for conquering other people. The second step is that the strong and weak people needed to be replaced into the poor and rich category. The final step is for the poor to surrender since they have nothing to lose. When it comes to the government that people fitted in, they either fitted in: Monarchy, Democracy, or Aristocracy. The final one is from Hobbes. Hobbes explained a lot about religion. He wrote about the Principles of Christian Politics and nature or rights of the Christian Commonwealth. When Hobbes writes about a man pretending of God speaking to him supernaturally, Hobbes doubts this thought. Hobbes doubts it, because he cannot believe of the argument that the man is trying to make him believe. Hobbes wrote about spirits and angels. Hobbes wrote th at he believed that angels were nothing, but supernatural apparitions made by God. For miracles and their uses, Hobbes explains miracles as, â€Å"a work of God done for the making manifest to his elect

Domestic Violence Against Women Is Not Only Physical And...

Domestic Violence against women is not only physical and sexual but leads to a path of psychological abuse. Women of all backgrounds including; race, age, religion, ethnicity, and class can be victims of domestic violence. Even though domestic violence is looked down upon in societies, it can be a difficult crime to punish. Men typically have the upper hand in a society; although, women have started to make their voices heard by standing up to their abusers and becoming more of a force in government policy making. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says, â€Å"On average, 20 people per minute are victims of physical violence by an intimate partner in the United States.† As one can see all types of abuse occurs among each group of a society. Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse range over different levels of severity all being serious matters. Women can have a difficult time overcoming their abusive partners because of the severity the abuser can have on women’s emotional state. Although women can be batterers too, most of the time in a relationship the male is the predominate force of battering. There have been signs shown that males that batter have grown up in families that battering was accepted; therefore, they do not know how to treat their wives any differently (Wilson 18). This issue needs to be addressed through political change. 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No Child Left Behind free essay sample

No Child Left Behind, also referred to as NCLB, is a funded Federal Government program that was enacted in 2001. The purpose of NCLB is to ensure that all children have equal access and opportunity at obtaining a high-quality education, while at the same time being proficient in state academic assessments. The NCLB Act contains five principles that schools must abide by in order to meet the standards for qualification. These principles include: a) strong accountability for results; b) expanded flexibility and control; c) teaching methodologies based on scientific research; d) more options for parents; and e) well-qualified teachers. These principles play an important role in ensuring that all children get the education they need. This paper will discuss the pros and cons of each one of these principles and explore how they affect diverse learners. Principles of the NCLB Act The first principle, strong accountability for results, includes standards schools must follow to make sure each pupil meets the minimum standards set forth by NCLB. We will write a custom essay sample on No Child Left Behind or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To satisfy the standards, students must meet adequate yearly progress (AYP) through testing against curricular objectives. When the test scores fall below minimum requirements, the school has two years to make changes and bring scores up. Testing begins on the third grade, and continues until the eighth grade. Many people, including myself, feel that this standard has pros and unintended cons. On the one hand, it’s a good thing to assess students’ performance against curricular objectives, and to have tests to measure that progress. We all deserve to have schools in which students are really learning. On the other hand, there is the unintended consequence of having the schools â€Å"teach to the test† (TTTT), which means that students might be in a situation where they learn what is tested, instead of having a more analytical learning. The second principle, expand flexibility and control, involves the specifics of what makes the NCLB program a success. It’s the principle that gives teeth to the testing process. If a school’s assessments are below NCLB standards for two consecutive years, the parent(s) or guardian of pupils can transfer him/her to a different school. If after three years they are below NCLB standards, they become eligible to receive tutoring. In the event the student is below NCLB standards for four years, the school steps in to take corrective action. In my opinion, a con of this principle is that the school should step in before the student is transferred to a new school; there is little good derived from simply transferring to another school if the pupil continues falling behind as a result of having poor basic skills. If the child has basic deficiencies, a tutor should be assigned as early as possible, as recovering lost time becomes more and more difficult. Waiting three or four years to assign a tutor might be futile. As indicated above, the third principle is providing parents/guardians more options and control when their child falls below minimum standards. As mentioned before, parents can transfer their child to a new school or have them tutored. I believe the pro of this principle is involving the parents in the decision-making process of their child’s education, particularly when the child is falling behind. The fourth principle corresponds to applying educational methodologies based on scientific methods. As per the NCLB, schools should fund only programs that are proven to work through the scientific method. This principle is good in that it ensures schools spend money on effective programs; instead of continue investing money in programs that have already been proven to be ineffective. Schools have an incentive to select good programs that have been proven to work. The fifth principle corresponds to having well qualified teachers, who have the necessary training. To be qualified to teach, educators must: a) have a college degree with full certification; and b) pass necessary testing. This principle has a definitive pro in that it ensures schools have personnel that are competent, qualified and have the skills needed to help students learned, including diverse learners. In summary, I feel that the NCLB act is based on some good principles that have the best of intensions: at its core, NCLB seeks to keep students in school, make schools more accountable and better, have qualified teachers, spend budgets on effective programs, and give parents options when the schools don’t perform. NCLB also has critics, like any other government initiative; a major concern is whether it will give schools an incentive to TTTT, to make sure students meet minimum testing requirements. References Rosenberg, M. S. , Westling, D. L. , amp; McLeskey, J. (2008). Special education for today’s teachers: An Introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merill/Prentice Hall. Carleton University. (n. d. ). Pros and cons of NCLB. Retrieved from http://www. carleton. edu/departments/educ/Vote/pages/Pros_and-Cons. html

Great Abortion Topics for an Essay and Questions

Abortion is no doubt one of the most controversial and debatable subject in the modern society. So contentious is the decades-long issue that no group of people can come to a consensus on whether to legalize or abolish it altogether. As such, it’s always recommended that you demonstrate sensitivity and objectivity when analyzing such a topic. For years, students have been tasked with assignments to explore the controversial issue and give their opinions on the subject. Students writing such papers are supposed to look at abortion in different perspectives to explain whether there are any moral, ethical, legal, philosophical, religious or medical concerns. The topic you choose will also be dependent on the type of essay you are writing. An argumentative essay may require a topic that may not fit well in a persuasive, analytical or expository essays. Irrespective of the subject, you have to carry out extensive research to collect the required information that will make your paper stand out Proven Approach on How to Select the Best Abortion Essay Topic? Considering how contentious aborting is, we have contrasting views developed by experts in different backgrounds. Scholars have researched the subject for years, and you can expect to find various topics. One of the ways to explore for a good topic is by examining a broad theme and then narrowing down of a single subject matter. Without in-depth research on the topic under study, your paper won’t have the desired impression on your instructor. The topic is used to formulate your thesis statement and will guide you on the arguments and opinions to include in the essay. Picking a suitable topic for your paper is essential. Students should consider the audience when writing the essay. Besides, a topic should be exciting to entice the reader to continue reading. You will have to explain why you desire to focus on the particular subject and why it is crucial in the study. The best way to do this is by referring to the personal accounts of individuals who have experienced the issue. Since you will have to state your personal views on the topic or subject, ensure you select a topic that you can comfortably argue for or against. Your abortion topic should fall in either the pro-life or pro-choice category. When you have successfully found a good topic, decide on the aspect of the study that may include, religious stance, and health concern, legal or human right issue. List of Abortion Essay Topics- Best Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Ideas To get you started on an abortion essay, we have compiled a list of useful topics that you can borrow to design an outstanding paper. Feel free to explore them to get inspired in tackling the paper. Safety in the operations Contraceptives failures Abortion in an area of choice Religion Financial background Follow up procedures Reliability Medical vs. surgical abortion Gestation period Laws Reasons for abortion Rape or incest Birth control; Gender selection Mental health Abortion Essay Topics Questions: Examples That Can Develop the Discussion The essay will require that you provide answers to a precise question by supporting your claims with factual information. Be sure to remain focused on addressing the problem you seek to highlight in your paper. We have prepared abortion questions as listed below to help you further in crafting your essay. What are the circumstances that would compel a government to order a woman to have an abortion? Where do we draw the line when a mother aborts without consent from the father? Should abortion clinics be allowed to make a profit out of the pregnancy termination? Does making abortion illegal contribute to unsafe backstreet abortion? Should we limit the number of abortion on a woman in their lifetime? Is adoption a viable alternative to abortion? What are the views of abortion in society? What are the side effects of abortion? Should abortion be allowed to rape victims? Do we allow aborting to young school girls? Abortion Essay Topics Ideas: Get Tips and Expert Assistance The polarizing topic of abortion calls upon you express thoughts or views and state whether the subject is a matter of personal freedom or social norms. Note that any opinions on the topic should be backed up supporting information from reliable sources in your paper. When necessary, give evidence or testimonials from recognized authorities to reinforce your arguments. Define your topic carefully to make the reader understand your position on the subject. If you have gone through our topics and questions, but still feel you can’t write an essay on abortion, consider hiring our assistance. We offer professional essay writing services to students of all levels at budget-friendly prices. Request for any type of essays written from scratch and delivered in the most excellent quality. We have assisted students in their academic assignment, and we would be glad to write the paper on your behalf. Our competent native English writes can craft outstanding pieces within the given time and have it ready before the due date. We strive to meet the highest customer satisfaction. Get your essay paper for sale right now!

A Definition of Environmental Science

A Definition of Environmental Science Environmental science is the study of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of nature. As such, it is a multidisciplinary science: it involves a number of disciplines like geology, hydrology, soil sciences, plant physiology, and ecology. Environmental scientists may have training in more than one discipline; for example, a geochemist has expertise in both geology and chemistry. Most often, the multidisciplinary nature of environmental scientists’ work comes from collaborations they foster with other scientists from complementary research fields. A Problem-Solving Science Environmental scientists rarely just study natural systems, but instead usually work towards solving problems stemming from our interactions with the environment. Normally the basic approach taken by environmental scientists first involves using data to detect a problem and evaluate its extent. Solutions to the issue are then designed and implemented. Finally, monitoring is done to determine whether the problem was fixed. Some examples of the types of projects environmental scientists may be involved with include: Coordinating cleanup efforts at an abandoned oil refinery labeled as a Superfund site, determining the extent of the pollution problem and putting together a restoration plan.Forecasting the effects of global climate change and sea level rise on a coastal bay system, and assisting with finding solutions to limit damages on coastal wetlands, shoreline property, and public infrastructure.Consulting with a construction team to help them with minimizing sediment pollution coming from the site of a future grocery store.Assisting the managers of a state government’s fleet of vehicles with taking steps to reducing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.Designing a restoration plan to bring acreage of oak savanna in the proper ecological state to host the endangered Karner blue butterfly and its host plant, the blue lupine. A Quantitative Science To evaluate the condition of a field site, the health of an animal population, or the quality of a stream most scientific approaches require extensive data collection. That data then needs to be summarized with a suite of descriptive statistics, then used to verify if a particular hypothesis is supported or not. This type of hypothesis testing requires complex statistical tools. Trained statisticians are often part of large research teams to assist with complicated statistical models. Other types of models are often used by environmental scientists. For example, hydrological models help understand groundwater flow and the spread of spilled pollutants, and spatial models implemented in a geographical information system (GIS) will help track deforestation and habitat fragmentation in remote areas. An Education in Environmental Science Whether it is a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BS), a university degree in environmental science can lead to a wide range of professional roles. Classes typically include earth science and biology courses, statistics, and core courses teaching sampling and analytical techniques specific to the environmental field. Students generally complete outdoor sampling exercises as well as inside laboratory work. Elective courses are usually available to provide students with the appropriate context surrounding environmental issues, including politics, economics, social sciences, and history. Adequate university preparation for a career in environmental science can also take different paths. For example, a degree in chemistry, geology, or biology can provide a solid educational basis, followed by graduate studies in environmental science. Good grades in the basic sciences, some experience as an intern or summer technician, and positive letters of recommendation should allow motivated students to get into a Master’s program. Environmental Science as a Career Environmental science is practiced by people in a wide variety of sub-fields. Engineering firms employ environmental scientists to evaluate the condition of future project sites. Consulting companies can assist with remediation, a process where previously polluted soil or groundwater is cleaned up and restored to acceptable conditions. In industrial settings, environmental engineers use science to find solutions to limit the amount of polluting emissions and effluents. There are state and federal employees who monitor air, water, and soil quality to preserve human health. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts an 11% growth in environmental science positions between the years 2016 and 2026. The median salary was $69,400 in 2017.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Reflection - Essay Example She was objectified and deemed only good for her physical features. A trend that has been a vice in all generations. Our music nowadays is full of explicit content. Songs describing women in a graphic and vile manner has filled our airwaves. What is even more distressiing is that women seem to enjoy this negative attention thus encouraging the men. Sara Baartman same as most Khoi-San women was well rounded with large buttocks, large breasts and an elongated labia. One can understand that the typical African woman in those days was a sight to behold but beauty should be admired and not ridiculed. We are all fearfilly and wonderfully made and in the image of God. His work should not be the subject of mockery and ridicule but we should simply marvel at it and be in complete awe. It is important to ask ourselves why men rarely are the subject of such acts of exploitation and abuse. Sara Baartman was born in South Africa and even while there she lived as a slave to a Dutch farmer in Cape Town. Sara was then promised great wealth if she moved to England Africa was by then referred to as the black continent mostly because its inhabitants were black. Even while she was living in her motherland she was still being subjected to racial discrimination as she worked as a slave, a role mainly played by Africans who were seen as the inferior race. It was unheard of that a white would be a black man’s slave. While in Europe, racial discrimination was at its peak at the time and Sara felt its full brunt. To the Europeans she was simply a weird specimen that was to be observed to staisfy their curiosity. No one amongst them ever made an attempt to learn about the Hottentot Venus a a person. Did she have a sense of humour? Was she temperamental? Was she intelligent? Very few attempts if any were made to learn more about her innerself. The curiosity was on her extraordinary physical features. But you have to wonder, because the

Future Municipal Financial Viability in Canada Essay

Future Municipal Financial Viability in Canada - Essay Example Definitely, I feel that municipal financial viability is an issue since improper tabling of policies may result to a negative business effect. For instance, the direct impact on Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises by municipality policies on property valuation, user charge collection, and collection of levies makes businesses end up bearing not only the intended costs, which in this case are actual payment of services to a municipality, but also the unintended costs, which include effort and time required for tax administration. To add on policies pertaining to revenue, expenditure-related policies may also affect finances generated by businesses in a municipality. This, as a result, may lead to a positive or negative impact on SMMEs through regulation of supply chain management, and preferred procurement as well as credit control. Additionally, there are other challenges facing developing countries in the commonwealth in local government revenue terms. These include weak revenue ba se for local government leading to weak central government revenue base and lack of a municipal’s own revenue sources, which brings up inappropriate composition of revenues, especially balancing between grants and own revenue resources. Further, the way they interact and autonomous revenues where strong central control is posed on local government revenues is a challenge as well. Municipalities have several responsibilities. First, they have the function to ensure urban and town planning, and regulate use of land and building construction. Moreover, they must ensure economic and social development planning, fire services, ensuring supply of water for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes. A municipality relies heavily on revenues generated through taxation and user charges/fees. It too heavily depends on transfers from central government and/or contribution from donors. These factors will significantly determine the future municipal financial viability in Canada (Sanct on and Young, 2009). Some of the strategies, which should be employed to ensure proper municipal financial viability, are as follows. First, the intergovernmental fiscal transfers’ reform program should be implemented. These reforms focus on simplifying and rationalizing transfers to municipalities and introducing a period of allocation of these transfers to stabilize municipal budgeting processes by improving predictability. Second is transparency, which opens access to information about how municipal finances are managed will give a clear outlook to every citizen allowing no room for misuse. Third, the program of budget reform which greatly focuses on improving allocation of resource planning and management. Further, having accountable decision-makers who can accept responsibility for their own actions and using contestability as a competition tool to achieve money value. It is essential to come up with a municipal support program to provide technical assistance to municipa lities in financial management areas. Bringing up new, legislated and refined national policies aimed at improving the flexibility of the legal framework within a municipality resulting to improved leadership, management and accountability in municipal governments could play a key role. Still revenue enhancement program nationally coordinated and aiming at assist municipalities with revenue

Binge eating disorder Essay Example for Free

Binge eating disorder Essay Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating not accompanied by inappropriate compensatory behaviors. Although it is not yet officially recognized, it was included in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a disorder to be studied, with research criteria included. It is also slated to be included in the next DSM as one of the officially recognized eating disorders. There have been several treatment modalities employed in its treatment: pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and a combination of the two. Being a â€Å"young† disorder, BED still needs future research to show which modality treats it best in the long run. Approaches to Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder What Is BED? How Is It Different From Bulimia Nervosa? Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating not accompanied by inappropriate compensatory behaviors (Sadock Sadock, 2003). Although binge eating, by itself, is more commonly associated with bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder is recognized as a separate entity. Unlike BED, bulimia nervosa involves excessive concern with body shape and weight, and bulimics often have a â€Å"self-perception of being too fat, with an intrusive dread of fatness† (World Health Organization [WHO], 1993). Moreover, the absence of compensatory behaviors further distinguishes BED from the non-purging type of bulimia nervosa, which is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-IV, as when the individual â€Å"has used other inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as fasting or excessive exercise, but has not regularly engaged in self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas† (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). Diagnosis of Binge Eating Disorder Although binge eating disorder still has to gain official recognition, the Text Revision of DSM-IV (APA, 2000) lays down the following â€Å"research criteria† for diagnosing the disorder: A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: (1) eating, in a discrete period of time (e. g. , within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances (2) the sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e. g. , a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating) B. Binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following: (1) eating much more rapidly than normal (2) eating until feeling uncomfortably full (3) eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry (4) eating alone because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating (5) feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty after overeating C. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present. D. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. E. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e. g. , purging, fasting, excessive exercise, etc. ) and does not occur exclusively during the course of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Several issues have been raised regarding the criteria mentioned above. For example, one question raised by some experts in the field is that there is no definite way to assess just how much food constitutes â€Å"an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances. † Fulfilling these criteria would at best be a subjective process. While the DSM-IV criteria for BED is usually applied to adults, Marcus and Kalarchian (2003) have proposed a separate set of provisional research criteria for diagnosing BED in children. These are: A. Recurrent episodes of being eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: (1) food seeking in absence of hunger (e. g. after a full meal) (2) a sense of lack of control over eating (e. g. , endorse that ‘‘When I start to eat, I just can’t stop’’) B. Binge episodes are associated with one or more of the following: (1) food seeking in response to negative affect (e. g. , sadness, boredom, restlessness) (2) food seeking as a reward (3) sneaking or hiding food C. Symptoms persist over a period of 3 months. D. Eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e. g. , purging, fasting, excessive exercise) and does not occur exclusively during the course of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Some of the questionnaires used to diagnose binge eating disorder are: the Binge Eating Scale (BES), the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Body Shape Questionnaire, the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnosis of DSM Disorders (SCID), and the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE). The Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder Overview In the management of BED, the primary goal is to achieve abstinence from binge eating (Bulik, Brownley Shapiro, 2007). However, studies have shown that BED has comorbid conditions that require as much attention, such as depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks and even attempts at suicide (Grucza, Przybeck Cloninger, 2007). Furthermore, since patients diagnosed with BED do not usually engage in inappropriate compensatory behaviors, they are usually obese as well, a condition that sometimes causes more concern in professionals caring for BED patients because of its health implications. Because of the different aspects of this disorder, different treatment modalities are being used, with some experts favoring one and others favoring another. Pharmacotherapy Medications used to treat binge eating disorder include appetite suppressants, anticonvulsants, selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants. These have been studied in double-blind placebo-controlled trials, and the results, though modest, have been promising (Appolinario McElroy, 2004). Appetite suppressants. According to Appolinario, Bacaltchuk, Sichieri, Claudino, Godoy-Matos, Morgan, Zanella Coutinho (2003), fenfluramine hydrochloride was the first antiobesity agent shown to be effective in treating binge eating disorder. However, this drug has been withdrawn from the market because of intolerable side effects. Currently, the anti-obesity agent that seems to be the most studied in the treatment of BED is sibutramine. Sibutramine is a drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and, to some extent, dopamine. A study by Appolinario et al. (2003) showed that patients taking sibutramine, as opposed to those given a placebo pill, experienced a significant reduction in the number of days with binge episodes. Whereas those in the placebo group actually gained some weight, the patients given sibutramine lost an average of 7. 4 kg. The study participants were asked to fill out the Binge Eating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory before and after their treatment program, and the sibutramine group had significantly lower scores after treatment. The study cites dry mouth and constipation as the adverse reactions commonly encountered by those taking sibutramine. The authors concluded that sibutramine is effective and well tolerated for treating obese BED patients. Another study supporting the use of sibutramine in BED was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in January 2008. Wilfley, Crow, Hudson, Mitchell, Berkowitz, Blakesley, Walsh, and the Sibutramine Binge Eating Disorder Research Group (2008) found that patients taking sibutramine (15 mg daily for 24 weeks) were able to significantly reduce the following measures: weekly binge frequency, weight (mean of 4. 3 kg), frequency of binge days, body mass index, and eating pathology, such as cognitive restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Moreover, these patients also experienced global improvement and had a greater percentage of abstinence from binge eating (58. 7%, compared with the 42. 8% of the placebo group). Anticonvulsants. In the February 2003 edition of the American Journal of Psychiatry, McElroy, Arnold, Shapira, Keck, Rosenthal, Karim, Kamin Hudson (2003) reported that 30 patients with binge eating disorder randomly assigned to receive a flexible dose (25 to 600 mg per day) of the anticonvulsant drug topiramate had a significantly greater rate of reduction in binge frequency, binge day frequency, weight (mean loss of 5. 9 kg), and body mass index. They also had lower scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, which was modified for binge eating, and on the Clinical Global Impression severity scale. However, six patients receiving topiramate were unable to continue participating in the study because of adverse events, mostly headaches and paresthesias. The researchers concluded that topiramate was useful for the short-term treatment of BED. The journal Biological Psychiatry also published a study by McElroy, Hudson, Capece, Beyers, Fisher, Rosenthal, and the Topiramate Binge Eating Disorder Research Group (2007), which showed that 195 patients taking topiramate were able to reduce binge eating days per week, binge episodes per week, weight (mean loss of 4. 5 kg), and body mass index compared with those assigned to take placebo. Thirty percent of those taking topiramate left the study, mostly due to adverse effects such as paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, somnolence and nausea. However, thirty percent of those taking the placebo pill also were not able to continue with the program. Despite the adverse events reported, the authors concluded that topiramate is well tolerated and was efficacious in treating BED and its features, particularly obesity. Another antiepileptic drug that was evaluated for efficacy in the treatment of binge eating disorder is zonisamide. McElroy, Kotwal, Guerdjikova, Welge, Nelson, Lake, D’Alessio, Keck Hudson (2006) reported in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry that thirty patients given zonisamide (100 to 600 mg per day for 16 weeks) had a reduction in the frequency of their binge eating episodes, body weight, body mass index, and scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Binge Eating and the Clinical Global Impressions Severity Scale. Eight of the patients receiving zonisamide discontinued treatment because of accidental injury with bone fracture, psychological complaints and cognitive complaints. In conclusion, the researchers noted that zonisamide was efficacious in treatment of BED with obesity but that it was not well tolerated. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been shown to have beneficial effects in the management of binge eating disorder. Among the earliest SSRI’s shown to be useful in BED treatment was fluvoxamine. Hudson, McElroy, Raymond, Crow, Keck, Carter, Mitchell, Strakowski, Pope, Coleman Jonas (1998) reported that forty-two patients who received a flexible dose of fluvoxamine (50 to 300 mg) for 9 weeks had a significantly greater decrease in the frequency of binges and in body mass index. Furthermore, these patients given fluvoxamine achieved a greater reduction in Clinical Global Impression severity score and a greater rate of increase in Clinical Global Impression improvement scores. However, fluvoxamine did not have a significant effect on the participants’ Hamilton depression scale scores, and the proportion of patients who dropped out of the study because of adverse effects came from the fluvoxamine group. Furthermore, another study done 5 years later on a different, smaller set of patients showed that there was a reduction in binge frequency, eating concern, shape concern and weight concern in both the group receiving fluvoxamine and the group receiving placebo (Pearlstein, Spurell, Hohlstein, Gurney, Read, Fuchs Keller, 2003). The authors say this is just an example of the â€Å"inconsistent results of antidepressant studies in binge eating disorder† (Pearlstein et al. , 2003). Another SSRI shows greater promise. McElroy, Hudson, Malhotra, Welge, Nelson Keck (2003) conducted a 6-week, double-blind, flexible-dose (20 to 60 mg per day) study on the efficacy of citalopram in reducing the frequency of binge eating episodes. They reported that the 19 patients receiving citalopram, compared with those receiving placebo, had a significantly greater rate of reduction in the frequency of binge eating episodes, frequency of binge days, weight, body mass index and severity of illness. In addition, citalopram was said to be well tolerated by the participants of the study. A head-to-head comparison of two SSRI’s – sertraline and fluoxetine – was conducted by Leombruni, Piero, Lavagnino, Brustolin, Campisi Fassino (2008) and published in the journal Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. Twenty-two participants were given 100 to 200 mg of sertraline daily, while twenty were given 40 to 80 mg of fluoxetine per day. After 8 weeks, participants from both groups had significant weight loss and their scores in the Binge Eating Scale improved. There was no significant difference found between the two drugs, and the researchers concluded that both SSRI’s are effective options in treating patients with BED. A drug that inhibits both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake was studied by Noma, Uwatoko, Yamamoto Hayashi (2008). Although the trial did not focus exclusively on individuals with binge eating disorder but consisted of 25 binge eaters, some of whom were diagnosed with anorexia or bulimia nervosa. These patients received the drug milnacipran for 8 weeks and were found to have improved scores in relation to their drive for binge eating and regret for the same. Milnacipran was noted to be more effective in patients without purging. Venlafaxine, another medication that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, was mentioned by Appolinario et al. (2003) as effective in BED therapy. McElroy, Guerdjikova, Kotwal, Welge, Nelson, Lake, Keck Hudson (2007) examined the effects of atomoxetine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on BED. Twenty patients who received the drug had a significant decrease in binge-eating episode frequency, binge day frequency, weight, and body mass index. Their scores on the Clinical Global Impressions Severity of Illness scale, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Binge Eating obsession subscale, and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire hunger subscale improved as well. However, three of the patients receiving atomoxetine asked to discontinue their treatment because of increased depressive symptoms, constipation or nervousness. Tricyclic antidepressants. Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007), in a review of the diagnosis and management of binge eating disorder, also mentions imipramine as one of the drugs that were shown in trials to be effective in the treatment of BED. Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that is used mainly for the treatment of depression and enuresis. A drug from the same family, desipramine, was also mentioned as having beneficial effects in BED. There have indeed been many drugs explored by research for the treatment of binge eating disorder. However, while a lot of studies show that they do have a beneficial effect on patients with BED, particularly with regards to a reduction in binge frequency and weight, the results are somewhat modest. In addition, there have been no long-term studies tracking the efficacy of these drugs as yet. And then, of course, there is the concern that many of those individuals taking these drugs might give them up due to the adverse effects they cause. More importantly, the drugs do not address the underlying cause of binge eating, the psychopathology in individuals that lead them to take in large amounts of food despite the knowledge that doing so could harm them physically and socially. Thus, while many experts in the field would agree that medications help to curb the comorbidities of BED, they still encourage the use of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Cognitive behavioral therapy. The behavioral therapeutic approach to binge eating disorder that is probably the most tested is cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT (Bulik, Brownley Shapiro, 2007). As the name implies, the theory behind this practice is the cognitive behavioral model of binge eating, which â€Å"postulates that binge eating develops in response to restrictive food intake and occurs in the context of ongoing dietary restraint and the experience of negative emotions† (Levine Marcus, 2003). In short, inaccurate thoughts and beliefs – for example, those about body shape and weight – lead to inappropriate eating behavior. CBT helps patients identify these binge-triggering thoughts and modify them so as to accomplish binge abstinence. According to Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007), cognitive behavioral therapy has been reported by several studies to be effective in reducing â€Å"binge frequency, related psychological aspects of binge eating (restraint, disinhibition, and hunger), depressed mood, and ratings of illness severity in individuals with BED. † Levine Marcus (2003) note that, while cognitive behavioral therapy has been traditionally used in the management of individuals with bulimia nervosa, the technique has been modified to accommodate the differences between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. For example, unlike people with bulimia nervosa, those with binge eating disorder tend to be obese, so CBT can directly target cognitions about having a large body size. They explain, â€Å"Overweight individuals with BED may be helped to accept their body size and to restructure maladaptive thoughts about the amount of weight loss they are likely to achieve. That is, although modest weight loss may relate to improvements in binge eating, for most BED patients this decrease may not correspond with their desired weight loss. It is therefore important that cognitions about acceptable body sizes be targeted during treatment. † Interpersonal psychotherapy. Another type of therapy that has found success in patients with bulimia nervosa and has since been also applied to people with binge eating disorder is interpersonal psychotherapy, or IPT. While CBT focuses on the thoughts that trigger eating binges, interpersonal psychotherapy operates on the theory that binge eating stems from the internal milieu created by specific social and interpersonal problems. Thus, it â€Å"focuses on identifying and addressing specific, problematic interpersonal patterns, in an effort to ameliorate dysfunctional eating behaviors† (Levine Marcus, 2003). As with CBT, IPT is focused, structured and time-limited. However, it does not address the patient’s beliefs about eating, weight and shape and, unlike CBT, does not directly target eating behaviors. In the Archives of General Psychiatry, Wilfley, Welch, Stein, Spurrell, Cohen, Saelens, Dounchis, Frank, Wiseman Matt (2002) report on a comparative study that they conducted between CBT and IPT. Both were done in a group setting, and the participants in each group went through 20 weekly sessions of therapy. Results showed that â€Å"binge-eating recovery rates† were similar for both CBT and IPT immediately after treatment. They further conducted follow-up on each participant and noted that, while, there was a slight increase in binge eating when the treatment ended, the frequency of such binges remained significantly lower than the frequency prior to initiation of either CBT or IPT. In addition, the researchers reported significant reductions in psychiatric symptoms, and these were maintained through follow-up. They noted that, while dietary restraint decreased more quickly in patients who underwent CBT, a similar level of dietary restraint was accomplished by those who underwent IPT by the time of follow-up. The participants’ weight decreased only slightly, but significantly, and the authors then concluded that group IPT is a reasonable alternative to group CBT for dealing with overweight BED patients. Dialectical behavior therapy. Another type of therapy used for the treatment of BED is dialectical behavior therapy, or DBT. This is described by Levine Marcus (2003) as â€Å"a comprehensive treatment program based on cognitive and behavioral principles and complemented by the use of acceptance-based strategies derived primarily from Zen Buddhism. † Patients undergo a weekly individual outpatient therapy and, at the same time, a weekly group skills therapy that has the goal of increasing behavioral skills that can help them deal with binge eating. According to Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007), dialectical behavior therapy â€Å"fosters the development of skills in the domains of mindfulness, emotion regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, and distress tolerance. † Although it is still considered an â€Å"alternative† form of behavior therapy, there have been studies showing that DBT has led to a greater reduction in binge days, binge episodes, and concerns with weight, shape and eating. Other behavioral therapies. Aside from cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy and dialectical behavior therapy, Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007) mention self-help, exercise and virtual reality therapy as treatment modalities that have been tried in patients with BED. Self-help interventions are delivered in various formats, and may be done with or without structure, and with out without the aid of a facilitator or a therapist. It has been shown by some studies to result in greater reductions in the mean number of binge days and in the clinical severity of BED. Abstinence and cessation rates were also reported to be improved with self-help, but weight loss was not significantly achieved. Medications and Psychotherapy: Combined and Compared Several studies have explored the option of combining pharmacotherapy with psychotherapy. Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007) discuss the results of these studies. For example, a trial compared fluoxetine alone with CBT alone and fluoxetine plus CBT. The authors of that trial reported that CBT plus fluoxetine, and CBT alone, were more effective than fluoxetine alone in reducing the frequency of binges, concerns with eating and body shape, disinhibition and depression. Another comparison discussed in the same paper compared desipramine alone, weight loss therapy, and CBT. Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007) relate: â€Å"Binge eating was significantly reduced after 12 weeks in both groups receiving CBT; however, this effect did not persist at 36 weeks of treatment. Average weight loss was greatest in the weight loss therapy group in the early stages of treatment, but over time (i. e. , at 3-month follow-up) the group receiving desipramine lost the most weight. Desipramine showed no clear advantage in reducing symptoms of depression. † Claudino, de Oliveira, Appolinario, Cordas, Duchesne, Sichieri Bacaltchuk (2007) compared topiramate alone with CBT plus topiramate and concluded that â€Å"topiramate added to CBT improved the efficacy of the later, increasing binge remission and weight loss in the short run. Topiramate was well tolerated, as shown by few adverse events during treatment. † Finally, Molinari, Baruffi, Croci, Marchi Petroni (2005) conducted a comparison of CBT alone, fluoxetine alone, and CBT plus fluoxetine. Results showed that â€Å"the two groups which underwent psychotherapy resulted in a better outcome in terms of number of bingeing episodes, maintenance of weight loss reduction from baseline and psychological well being than the group treated with pharmacological therapy alone. † The authors concluded that the results of their study highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to binge eating disorder. However, as with pharmacotherapy alone and with psychotherapy alone, the long-term efficacy of a combined drugs-and-talk approach to binge eating disorder still has to be proven by future studies. Practical Advice To Tell Patients Empowering patients to take control of their disorder is also important. Smith, Barston, Segal Segal (2008) offer the following tips that concerned eating disorder professionals can give their patients: †¢ Eat breakfast. Skipping breakfast often leads to overeating later in the day, so start your day right with a healthy meal. Eating breakfast also jump starts your metabolism in the morning. Studies show that people who eat breakfast are thinner than those who don’t. †¢ Avoid temptation. You’re much more likely to overeat if you have junk food, desserts, and unhealthy snacks in the house. Remove the temptation by clearing your fridge and cupboards of your favorite binge foods. †¢ Stop dieting. The deprivation and hunger of strict dieting can trigger food cravings and the urge to overeat. Instead of dieting, focus on eating in moderation. Find nutritious foods that you enjoy and avoid labeling foods as â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad. † †¢ Exercise. Not only will exercise help you lost weight in a healthy way, but it also lifts depression, improves overall health, and reduces stress. The natural mood-boosting effects of exercise can help put a stop to emotional eating. †¢ Destress. Learn how to cope with stress in healthy ways that don’t involve food. Conclusion Binge eating disorder is still relatively â€Å"young. † With its anticipated inclusion in the next edition of the DSM, a lot of studies have turned their attention to this eating disorder that has only been recognized as an entity separate from the other eating disorder in the last decade. Hopefully, these studies, and the ones still to be conducted, will provide a sound basis for how best to approach binge eating disorder. More importantly, only future research can tell which treatment modalities really work best in the long term. In the meantime, patients with binge eating disorder need help in the here and now. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. Text rev. ) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Sadock, B. J. , Sadock, V. A. (2003). Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences / Clinical Psychiatry (9th ed. ). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: World Health Organization. Marcus, M. D. Kalarchian, M. A. (2003). Binge eating in children and adolescents. Int J Eat Disord, 34(Suppl), S47–S57. Retrieved from PubMed database. Bulik, C. M. , Brownley, K. A. , Shapiro, J. R. (2007). Diagnosis and management of binge eating disorder. World Psychiatry, 6(3), 142-148. Grucza, R. A. , Przybeck, T. R. Cloninger, C. R. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in a community sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(2), 124-131. Appolinario, J. C. McElroy, S. L. (2004). Pharmacological approaches in the treatment of binge eating disorder. Current Drug Targets, 5(3), 301-307. Appolinario, J. C. , Bacaltchuk, J. , Sichieri, R. , Claudino, A. M. , Godoy-Matos, A. , Morgan, C. , Zanella, M. T. Coutinho, W. (2003). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sibutramine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1109-1116. Wilfley, D. E. , Crow, S. J. , Hudson, J. I. , Mitchell, J. E. , Berkowitz, R. I. , Blakesley, V. , Walsh, B. T. , the Sibutramine Binge Eating Disorder Research Group. (2008). Efficacy of sibutramine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a randomized multicenter placebo- controlled double-blind study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(1), 51-58. McElroy, S. L. , Arnold, L. M. , Shapira, N. A. , Keck, P. E. Jr. , Rosenthal, N. R. , Karim, M. R. , Kamin, M. Hudson, J. I. (2003). Topiramate in the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(2), 255-261. McElroy, S. L. , Hudson, J. I. , Capece, J. A. , Beyers, K. , Fisher, A. C. , Rosenthal, N. R. the Topiramate Binge Eating Disorder Research Group. (2007). Topiramate for the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a placebo-controlled study. Biological Psychiatry, 61(9), 1039-1048. McElroy, S. L. , Kotwal, R. , Guerdjikova, A. I. , Welge, J. A. , Nelson, E. B. , Lake, K. A. , D’Alessio, D. A. , Keck, P. E. , Hudson, J. I. (2006). Zonisamide in the treatment of binge eating disorder with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(12), 1897-1906. Hudson, J. I. , McElroy, S. L. , Raymond, N. C. , Crow, S. , Keck, P. E. Jr. , Carter, W. P. , Mitchell, J. E. , Strakowski, S. M. , Pope, H. G. Jr. , Coleman, B. S. Jonas, J. M. (1998). Fluvoxamine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a multicenter placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1756-1762. Pearlstein, T. , Spurell, E. , Hohlstein, L. A. , Gurney, V. , Read, J. , Fuchs, C. Keller, M. B. (2003). A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluvoxamine in binge eating disorder: a high placebo response. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6(2), 147-151. McElroy, S. L. , Hudson, J. I. , Malhotra, S. , Welge, J. A. , Nelson, E. B. Keck, P. E. Jr. (2003). Citalopram in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(7), 807-813. Leombruni, P. , Piero, A. , Lavagnino, L. , Brustolin, A. , Campisi, S. Fassino, S. (2008). A randomized, double-blind trial comparing sertraline and fluoxetine 6-month treatment in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32(6), 1599-1605. Noma, S. , Uwatoko, T. , Yamamoto, H. Hayashi, T. (2008). Effects of milnacipran on binge eating – a pilot study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (4)1, 295-300. McElroy, S. L. , Guerdjikova, A. , Kotwal, R. , Welge, J. A. , Nelson, E. B. , Lake, K. A. , Keck, P. E. Jr. Hudson, J. I. (2007). Atomoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(3), 390-398. Levine, M. D. Marcus, M. D. (2003). Psychosocial treatment of binge eating disorder: An update. Eating Disorders Review, 14(4). Retrieved from http://www. gurze. net/site12_5_00/newsletter16. htm. Wilfley, D. E. , Welch, R. R. , Stein, R. I. , Spurrell, E. B. , Cohen, L. R. , Saelens, B. E. , Dounchis, J. Z. , Frank, M. A. , Wiseman, C. V. Matt, G. E. (2002). A randomized comparison of group cognitive-behavioral therapy and group interpersonal psychotherapy for the treatment of overweight individuals with binge-eating disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 713-721. Claudino, A. M. , de Oliveira, I. R. , Appolinario, J. C. , Cordas, T. A. , Duchesne, M. , Sichieri, R. Bacaltchuk, J. (2007). Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate plus cgnitive-behavior therapy in binge-eating disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(9), 1324-1332. Molinari, E. , Bariffu, M. , Croci, M. , Marchi, S. Petroni, M. L (2005). Bingea eating disorder in obesity: comparison of different therapeutic strategies. Eating and Weight Disorders, 10(3), 154-161. Smith, M. , Barston, S. , Segal, R. Segal, J. (2008). Binge eating disorder: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and help. Retrieved from http://www. helpguide. org/mental/binge_eating_disorder. htm.

Karl Marx And Marxism Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Karl Marx and Marxism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl Marx set the wheels of modern Communism and Socialism in motion with his writings in the late nineteenth century. In collaboration with his friend, Heinrich Engels, he produced the The Communist Manifesto, written in 1848. Many failed countries' political and socio-economic structures have been based on Marx's theories, for example the USSR, East Germany etc. Many people believe that Marxism is not applicable to today's society, as Karl Marx put forward his ideas not anticipating the type of society we have today. The welfare state system has effectively nullified Marx's arguments, and made them irrelevant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl Marx, born on May 5, 1818, died on March 14, 1883, was a German economist, philosopher and revolutionist whose writings form the basis of the body of ideas known as Marxism. In his youth he was deeply affected by the philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel, and joined a rebel group called the Young Hegelians, which contributed ideas towards the movement against organized religion and the Prussian Autocracy. Later on in life, he was influenced by the writings of Ludwig Feuerbach, who wrote that God was invented by humans as a projection of their own ideals, and that in creating such a 'perfect' being, in contrast to themselves, mankind lowered themselves to lowly, evil creatures who needed guidance from the church and government. He said that, in creating God in their own image, humans had 'a...

Peachtree Healthcare Essay

Peachtree Healthcare has been faced with a dilemma. There has been a major IT infrastructure problem within the company for some time now. Since technology has taken over in the healthcare field, it is imperative that Peachtree Healthcare get the technology needed so that they can be trusted and well known within the healthcare industry. Mission The mission of Peachtree Healthcare is to ensure quality, consistency, and continuity of care across the entire network – and to deliver care with the highest levels of efficiency and economy while maintaining respect for patients and staff. Objectives The hospital needs to decide on what long / short term IT infrastructure system strategies and roadmaps are needed to increase efficiency. The new system should allow sharing of patient records, ensure quality, consistency, and continuity of care across entire network of hospitals and physicians. Key Issues The IT infrastructure is not reliable; therefore, uses are unable to perform their day to day functions including clinical duties. This is impacting quality and safety of patient care. Recommendations Adopt service oriented architecture (SOA) which will enable selective standardization. CURRENT SITUATION (10) Peachtree Healthcare has major IT infrastructure problems and is struggling to find the right fix. Growth through acquisitions has led to the inheritance of many incompatible legacy systems. Current IT resources are focused on maintaining inefficient processes in order to keep the hospital running. The maintenance costs of the current IT system are so high that further innovation has become a luxury. In addition there have been recent meltdowns of clinical information systems. IT infrastructure is not reliable; therefore users are unable to perform their day to day functions, including clinical duties. This is impacting quality and safety of patient care. Furthermore there is pressure from the hospital’s board to standardize hospital procedures and practices without fully assessing the need for it. Max Berndt (CEO), Candace Markovich (CIO) and Tom Drane (CFO) are struggling to analyze the current situation subjectively in order to properly manage the pressure to follow competitors. CRITERIA (5) The hospital needs to decide on what long / short term IT infrastructure system strategies and roadmaps are needed to increase efficiency. The new system should allow sharing of patient records, ensure quality, consistency, and continuity of care across entire network of hospitals and physicians. The system should also ensure â€Å"selective† standardization of certain medical procedures across the network but allow sufficient flexibility to individual hospitals and professionals in other areas. Other criteria include: †¢ Time to value – when will the new system realize value for each business unit †¢ Flexibility – easy to modify, upgrade and customization capabilities †¢ Staff buy-in – ability to convince all staff to give this project a try ALTERNATIVES & RECOMMENDATIONS (15) Alternative 1: Monolithic System (Modular Enterprise System) A monolithic system is single set of systems and applications that will provide consistency across Peachtree’s facilities but may not give doctors enough flexibility. Other pros and cons include: Alternative 2: Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) System A servicer-oriented architecture system is modular design that will allow Peachtree to standardize incrementally and selectively but poses certain risks as a newer technology. Recommendation: My recommendation is to crease a strategy of selective standardization using a SOA system. This means assessing and deciding on a SOA architecture standard. Reviewing individual business functions and deciding on an ideal standard for that functional unit then migrating others to it. This will allow Peachtree to standardize incrementally, which Max has wanted most in an IT infrastructure. RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (15) Since SOA is a new technology, there are serious risks and consequences involved with this approach. The SOA technology is not mature yet and has not been tested in the long term. As a result there is a lot of unpredictability. To mitigate these risks Peachtree should gradually replace its old system with the SOA System. They should proceed with SOA in stages by piloting smaller projects to quickly provide value to business units. By gradually installing the SOA, Peachtree and its doctors would learn about how the systems worked and they could then master it in a sense as the infrastructure moved further. By gradually installing the infrastructure, Peachtree would not only minimize risk but also create flexibility and control. With the gradual learning process on the new SOA system, Peachtree and its physicians would allow IT to shift priorities along the way. Peachtree should also create case studies to get other business units and vendors support throughout roll-out process. They should also consider hiring external change management consultants to ensure minimum user disruption and smooth transition into the new system.

Should I Drink This Beer Essay - 1650 Words

Should I drink this beer? Should I Get A Job? Am I too fat? These are some typical questions that adolescents face during their middle school and high school years. Peer pressure can change the answer to those three simple question in both a negative or positive way. Peer pressure is when a group of your peers is trying to influence you to do something in either a good or bad way. Peer pressure can be shown in many different types of situations such as when drugs and alcohol come into an adolescent s life, worrying about their body image, and teenage sex, as well as dealing with bullying, and depression. Peer pressure shows up the most when adolescents come in contact with drugs and alcohol while they are with friends. Kathiann Kowalski from the book Teens at Risk says that â€Å"Teenagers are particularly vulnerable to peer influences† (Egendorf, L. K., Hurley, J. A., P. 43). Some obvious ways to tell if an adolescent is being peer pressured is how they act around a certain group of people and doing things that they wouldn’t normally do. â€Å"In a NIDA-funded study, teens driving with their friends in the car were more likely to take risks—like speeding through yellow lights—if they knew that two or more of their friends were watching† (Why Does Peer Pressure Influence Teens To Try Drugs?). Many teens have an impulse when they are with friends to try and act out to impress their friends. Drugs and alcohol have also always been a major concern to parents with adolescents onlyShow MoreRelatedCrafted Beer vs Mass Produced Beer1546 Words   |  7 P agesbetter, mass produced or crafted beer? According to (http://www.brewersassociation.org/pages/business-tools/craft-brewing-statistics/craft-brewer-defined) a craft brewer is â€Å"small, independent and traditional†. They have to produce less than six million barrels to be considered a craft brewery. 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